HISTORY OF MAEYLAro 

Upon the Basis of McSherry, 
For the Use of Schools. 



By HENKY ONDERDONK, A. M. 

Late President of the Maryland Agricultural College. 



'U - V 



d BALTIMOKE: 

Published by John Murphy & Co. 

Printers, Tublishees and Bookselleks, 
18 2 Baltimore Street. 

1868. 



^'^ 



o^« 



/ 

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year ISGS, by 

JOHN" MURPHY, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of 3Iaryland. 



Baltimore: Printed by 

John Murphy & Co. 



PREFACE. 

In preparing this abridgment of McSherry's History 
of Maryland, while strictly observing its spirit, I have* 
not confined myself entirely to the text of that excellent 
work ; Avhenever I have ^bought a fact could be more 
clearly elucidated, or the narrative made more interest- 
ing to the young, I have drawn freely from Bozman, 
from McMahon, from Bancroft, Irving, Davis, and other 
authentic sources. 

The Proprietary government, under which Mary- 
land was established and grew up, is known to her 
people almost only by its name. Yet it is in that gov- 
ernment that we find the germs of those principles of 
popular liberty that resulted in the Revolution ; and it is 
in the free institutions established under it, that we 
recognize the school in which our fathers learned both 
e true objects of government, and their own rights as 
dividuals. 

There is perhaps no stimulus to worthy deeds, or at least 

> the preservation of self-respect, equal to that which 

■ furnished in the legacy of a good name. That our 

outh should know how rich the History Qf Maryland is 

^ all that can inspire noble emulation, is not only 

°sirable in itself, but is the surest pledge that they will 

e animated to deeds worthy of their sires, and that, by 

"imitating the virtue, the valor, and the liberality of 

their forefathers," they will hand down the State to 

posterity with untarnished lustre. 

In the hope that this little book may be instrumental 
in promoting this knowledge among the rising genera- 
tion of our State, it is submitted to the public. 

HENRY ONDERDONK. 

Baltimore, September, 1868. 



CONTENTS. 



PAET I. 

CHAPTEE I.-lNTRODUCTORT. 

Motives for coming to this Country— Religion thouo-ht 
to be a part of Government— Intolerance, the Spirit of 
the Age-Maryland an Exception— Why Colonists 
left England — Different kinds of Colonial Govern- 
ments ]0 

CHAPTEK II.— Lord Baltimore. 

The Founder of Maryland— Early Schemes— Newfound- 
Jand-Sails for Virginia-Chesapeake Bay- Return to 
England— Death— Cecil Calvert— Opposition of Vir- 
ginia Colony— Claiborne 18 

CHAPTER IIL-The Charter. 

Powers granted by the Charter— Land and Churches— 

'I^Hitherto Uncultivated" Lands— Application of the 

lerm — Claiborne— Swedes and Dutch —Boundarv 

Lines by Charter 22 

CHAPTER IV.— Early Settlement of Maryland. 

Preparal ions — Leonard Calvert — Embarcation — The 
"Ark" and the "Dove," and the "Mayflower"— 

^ Arnval—Landing—Exploration— Interview with In- 
dians—Treaty with them— Advantages enjoyed by other 
Colonies— The Striking Features of this Colony.. 25 

CHAPTER v.— Claiborne's Rebellion. 
Claiborne, the Evil Genius of the Colony— His Claim- 
Excites the Indians— Resorts to Violence— Flees to 
Virginia— Sent to England— First Legislative Assem- 
bly—Division of Land 34 

1* 



6 History of Maryland. 

CHAPTER VI.— The Second General Assembly. 

Missionaries — Kent Island — New Hundred — New Code 
of Laws — Trial of Smith — Claiborne's Efforts in Eng- 
land — Returns to Virginia — Conversion and Baptism 
of Tavac — Father White — Privileges of the Governor 
Extended 39 

CHAPTER VII. — Claiborne and Ingle's Kebellion. 

Death of Calvert — Troubles in England — Insubordina- 
tion of Claiborne — Calvert visits England — Indian 
Troubles — Ingle — Govecnor Brent — Calvert's Return — 
Endeavors to obtain Possession of Kent Island — Cal- 
vert compelled to Flee — Conduct of the Insurgents — 
Success of Parliamentary Party — Calvert Regains Pos- 
session — Death of Calvert 45 

CHAPTER VIII.— Liberty of Conscience. 

New Guards to Liberty of Conscience — Oath of Office — 
Acts of Assembly — Protection of Feelings — Who 
Formed the Assembly - 51 

CHAPTER IX.— Puritan Settlements. 

The Liberal Policy attracts Settlers — Richard Bennett 
and his Puritans — Chivalric Conduct of Marylanders — 
Influence of Puritans — Reduction of Virginia — Clai- 
borne and Bennett's Descent upon Maryland — The 
Proprietaryship Abolished — Indian Troubles — Clai- 
borne and JBennett's Invasion — Puritan Intolerance.. 53 

CHAPTER X. — Restoration of the Proprietary. 

Rebuke to Governor Stone — Recovery of Records — Un- 
successful Expedition to Providence — Barbarity of 
■ Puritans — Appeal to Cromwell — Decision of the Board 
of Trade — Bennett makes Terms — Fendall — The last 
of Claiborne 58 

CHAPTER XL— Peace and Prosperity. 

Calm — Charles Calvert — Increase of Population — Plan- 
ters — Maryland Domestic Life — Slavery — Servants — 
Quakers — Fox — Land of the Sanctuary — Death of Pro- 
prietary — FendalPs Attempt at Rebellion — End of the 
Period of Repose 63 



Contents. 7 

CHAPTER XII.— State of Society, to 1869. 

Friendship of the Natives — Kind of Government 

Trade— Coin— Luxuries— Fruit— The Baltimore Bird 
—Tobacco — Travelling , qj 

CHAPTEK XIII.-Eevolutionof 1689. 
James II Banished — William and Marj^ — Delay of 
Instructions— Protestant Association— John Coode— 
First Royal Governor— Acts of Assembly— Lord Bal- 
timore Appeals to the King— Removal of the Capital- 
Second Royal Governor— Improvements— Sickness- 
Effects of the Royal Administrations 70 

CHAPTER XIV.— The Restoratiox of the 
Province. 
Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore— Province Restored 
to his Son— Undisturbed Tranquility— Policy towards 
Indians— Establishment of Baltimore— Fell's Point- 
Commercial Advantages— Elk Ridge Landing— An- 
napolis— Maryland Gazette— Frederick— Georgetown 
—Death of Proprietary— State of the Colony 75 

\ CHAPTER XV.— Boundary Disputes. 
Watkins' Point— Dispute with Penn— Penn's Grant- 
Penn Attacks the Charter— Baltimore out of Favor at 
Court— The King is Patron to Penn— His Expulsion- 
Settlement Postponed— Mason and Dixon's Line- 
Shrewdness of Penn— Virginia Boundary 80 

CHAPTER XVI.— Frederick, last Lord of 
Baltimore. 

English and French War— Claims of each— Bold Design 
of the Governor of Canada— Maryland Stands Aloof— 
Opposition to Arbitrary Demands— Dinwiddle's Per- 
plexities—Maryland takes a Part— Fort Cumberland- 
Acts of Assembly 35 

CHAPTER XVII.— Braddock's Defeat. 
Braddock's Arrival— Council at Alexandria— Braddock 
at Frederick—Arrival of Franklin— Franklin's Sug- 
gestion — Braddock's Confidence— Franklin's Propo- 



History of Maryland. 



sition — March over the Mouiitains — Baggage — Mutual 
Disgust — Braddock rejects the Indians and Backwoods- 
men — Slow Movements — The Contest — The Defeat..89 

CHAPTEK XVIII.— French and Indian Wars, 

Continued. 

Terror and Desolation — Plantations laid Waste— Panic — 
Expedition against Fort DuQuesne — Grant's Bravado 
and Defeat — Gallantry of Mury landers — Abandonment 
of the Fort by the French 97 

CHAPTER XIX— The Days before the Revolution. 

The Democratic and the Aristocratic Elements — Claims 
of the two Houses — Peace — Debt — Condition of Mary- 
land — Influence of French War — The old Controversy 
Revived — Preparatory Steps to the Stamp Act 102 

CHAPTER XX.— Stamp Act. 

Stamp Act Imposed — Maryland Assembly Prorogued — 
No Stamps in Maryland — Protest of Assembly — Treat- 
ment of Hood — Acts of Assembly — Frederick County 
Court — "Sons of Liberty " — Repeal of Stamp Act..l06 

CHAPTER XXI.— The Duty on Tea. 

Tax on Tea, &C.7— Massachusetts' Circular — Non-Impor- 
tation — The "Good Intent" — Alarm of British Min- 
istry — Defection of other Colonies ■. 110 

CHAPTER XXII.— The Proclamation and Ves- 
try Act. 

Pay of Public Officers— Tithes— Expiration of the Law — 
Proclamation— Party Spirit— Dulany and Carroll. ..113 

CHAPTER XXIIl. — Charles Carroll of Car- 

ROLLTON. 

Birth and Education— Return to Maryland — First en- 
trance into Public Life— "First Citizen" — Dulany — 
Triumph of Carroll 116 



Contents. 9 

CHAPTER XXIV.— Revival of Tax on Tea. 

Tax, tli« Badge of Servitude— The Right to Tax, not the 
Amount, the matter of Dispute — Aid to Boston — Burn- 
ing of the Tea at Annapolis — Characteristics of the 
Act - - 119 

CHAPTER XXV.— TnE Last Proprietary. 

First Continental Congress — Attachment of Maryland to 
the Family of Baltimore — Extinction of the Family — 
Hearv Harford — Condition of the Colony 124 



PART II, 

CHAPTER L— The Revolution. 

Convention — Power of Public Sentiment — Resolution of 
Maryland to Stand by Massachusetts — New York and 
Maryland — Washington, Commander-in-Chief — For- 
oiation of Maryland Line — Riflemen — Want of Sup- 
plies -..^ - 129 

CHAPTER IL— Lord Dunmore. 

Pians of Lord Dunmore — Attempt to Inflict a Servile 
War — Discovery of his Plans — Aid to Eastern Shore 
of Virginia — Batteries erected near Baltimore — "The 
Otter " — " The Defence " — State Navy — Governor 
Eden— Civil Authority and Military Power— Eden 
sent to England — Militia sent to the Coast — Flying 
Camp „ .,., 135 

CHAPTER III. — Declaration of Independence. 

Vain Hopes of Settlement — Rebels or Freemen— Order 
issued by the Convention of Maryland — Declaration 
of Independence — Charles Carroll of Carrollton — State 
Government — Disposition of Troops 140 

CHAPTER IV.— The Maryland Troops at the 
Battle of Long Island. 

Condition of the American Army — Landing of the Brit- 
ish — The Macaronis— ThQ Battle — Terrible Charge of 
the Marylanders — Loss of Marylanders 143 



10 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTEK v.— Marylakd Troops in the Retreat. 

Maryland Troops in the Advance Posts — Crossing the 
Ferry — Attempt to Surround Americans — Disgraceful 
Retreat of the Connecticut Militia — Maryland Line 
Covers the Retreat— Battle at Harlem— Battle at White 
Plains — Attack on Fort Washington — Destruction of 
the Enemv's Troops by the Maryland and Virginia 
Rifles :. ....149 

CHAPTER YI.— The New Constitution and 
State Government. 

Convention — Division of Frederick County — Supplies for 
the Army — Constitution Agreed to — Division of the 
Government — Qualifications for Voters — First State 
Legislature — Inducements to Enlist— The First Gov- 
ernor — Inauguration 154 

CHAPTER VII.— Campaign of 1777. 

Increase and Division of Maryland Line — Battle of the 
Brandywine — Deborre — Battle of Germantown — Suc- 
cess of the Marylanders — John Eager Howard — Mary- 
landers not Supported — Howe's Attack 158 

CHAPTER VIII. 

More Troops Demanded — Disaffection — British Evacu- 
ate Philadelphia — Battle of Monmouth — Gen'l Lee — 
Washington's Reliance on Maryland Officers — Land- 
ing and Retreat of British Troops 163 

CHAPTER IX. 

Maryland's Quota large and always Full — Early Har- 
vests — Arrival of French Fleet— Paper Money — Pen- 
sions to Troops — Depreciation of Currency— Confisca- 
tion — Tax — The Price of Liberty 167 

CHAPTER X.— The Confederation. 

Delay of Confederation — Difficulty of Adjusting Public 
Lands — Clause Secured by Virginia — Maryland Ob- 
jects — Compromise Proposed by New York— Sovereign 
States — Maryland's Efforts in the Common Cause... 171 



Contents. H 

CHAPTER XI— The Maryland Line South. 
Maryland Line sent to Reinforce Southern Department^ 
—Passage through Maryland — Gates' Foil v— Route 
Marked by DeKalb-Changed by Gates-Battle at 
Camden— Dreadful Charge of the Marylanders— The 
whole British Force brought against MaWland Lice— 
Virginia Militia ;; 2j^ 

CHAPTER XII.-The Battle of Cowpexs. 
Recruiting— Consolidation of the Line— Col. Williams- 
General Morgan Retreats before Tarleton— Makes a 
btand—Marylanders Sustain the Battle— Victory. „ 180 

CHAPTER XIII.—Battle at Guilford Court 
House. 
Greene's Retreat— Williams Covers the Retreat -Battle 
— Cornwalhs' Desperate Resort— George Fox's Re- 
mark—Americans Gain Possession of Strongholds- 
Unsuccessful Attack on Ninety-Six /. 135 

CHAPTER XIY.-Battle of Euta^f Springs. 
Disposition x)f the Troops-Maryland Line Charges the 
Buffs — Desperate Struggle — Marylanders Comnli- 
mented on the Field-State Threatened with Invasion 
—La Fayette in Baltimore— Defence of the Bay- 
Washington's Design— Washington at Annapolig.188 

CHAPTER XV.-The Close or the Revolution. 
New Paper Issues-Tory Conspiracy-Plot Exposed- 
tlixecution of Leaders— Success or Failure— Commis- 
sioners from England— Spirited Resolution of Mary- 
land Legislature— Close of the War I95 

CHAPTER XVL-Thk Maryland Line. 

Their Sufferings-The First to use the Bayonet-Their 
Battles— Their Losses... 29^ 

CHAPTER XVII.-Seat of Government. 
Annapolis Offered-Action of Congress- Washington 
Determines to Resign— Reception at Annapolis—Re- 
signation il..^„.201 



12 History of Maryland. 

CHAPTER XVIIL 

Debt — Public Improvements— Susquehanna Canal — Po- 
tomac Companj' — Population of Baltimore — Colleges 
—Constitution of the United States Adopted 204 

CHAPTER XIX.— The Federal Constitution. 

Needs of the Country — Convention Proposed— Disputes — 
The Constitution a Compromise — Capital — District of 
Columbia — Property Qualifications for Voting Re- 
moved — The Ballot substituted for Viva-voce 207 

CHAPTER XX. 

Declaration of War — Two Parties— The Position of New 
England — Of Maryland — Riot in Baltimore — Hartford 
Convention— Admiral Cockburn — His Deeds — Defence 
of Havre-de-Grace 212 

CHAPTER XXI. 
Battle of Bladensbukg 217 

CHAPTER XXII. 
Battle of North Point 221 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Bombardment of Fort McHenry 225 

CHAPTER XXIV.— Reform. 

Internal Improvements — Cheasapeake and Ohio Canal — 
Rail Road — Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road — Other Rail 
Roads — Colonization Society — Pecuniary Crisis — Mex- 
ican War 227 

CHAPTER XXV. 
Boundary Lines, and Baltimore and Ohio R. R...234 

CHAPTER XXVI. 
Secession of Southern States 239 

CHAPTER XXVII. 
Military Commanders 243 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 
New Constitutions , 248 



History of Maryland. 

Part I. 



CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTO R F. 



Motives for coming to this Country— Religion thought to 
be a part of the business of Government— Intolerance, 
the Spirit of the Age— Maryland an exception— Why 
Colonists left England— Dif event kinds of Colonial 
Governments. 

1. The general history of the discovery and set- 
tlement of North America is presumed to be so 
familiar to the students of this History, as not to 
require any recapitulation here. 

2. Many motives induced the people of the Old 
World, as Europe was called, after the discovery of 
America, to come to this country. Some came to 
seek for gold; some, for adventure and the im- 



Q,uestions.—2. What were some of the motiyes that led emigrants 
to come to this country? 

2 13 



14 ■ History of Maryland. 

provement of Iheir worldly affairs ; and some, to 
seek an asylum where they could worship God ac- 
cording to the dictates of their own consciences, 
without disobeying the laws of the land, or coming 
iu conflict with those that were in power. 

3. In those times it was thought a part of the 
business of the government to legislate about reli- 
gious matters. No one, then, objected to the prin- 
ciple that the government had this right. They 
objected to the right being enforced against them- 
selves. We see this from the history of the P.uri- 
tans, who, however they resisted, or fled from, laws 
against the exercise of their own religion, did not 
hesitate to pass very severe enactments against 
those who conscientiously differed from themselves. 

4. The case is very different now, none but the 
most misguided partizans claiming that " govern- 
ment is based upon the religious ideas of those who 
carry it on, and, that they have the right to con- 
trol the religion." But at the time of the settle- 
ment of the colonies, it was thought "that in a 
well governed and Christian community, matters 
concerning religion and the honor of God, ought, 



Qucstio77s.—?i. What was thought to be a part of the business of 
the government? What is said of the Puritans? 4. What is the 
case now ? What was thought at the time of the settlement of 
of the colonies? 



Non-Conformists. 15 

iQ the first place, to be taken into earnest con- 
sideration and endeavored to be settled." 

5. We are not, then, to blame any particular 
body of Christians for its intolerant spirit, for it 
was exercised by all denominations alike, — if we 
exclude the Quakers, or Friends. It was the 
spirit of the age. 

6. The toleration, and freedom of conscience 
that characterized the Colony of Maryland, have 
placed it in advance of its age, and made its his- 
tory the proudest of that of any of the colonies. 
For here, in the language of Bancroft, "religious 
liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide 
world. Every other country in the world had per- 
secuting laws ; but through the benign administra- 
tion of the government of Maryland, no person 
professing to believe in Jesus Christ was permitted 
to be molested on account of religion." 

H. In England the laws bore very hard on all 
who did not conform to the established religion. 
These Non-Comformists consisted chiefly of the 
Puritans and the Roman Catholics. The Puri- 
tans left the country in great numbers, and settled 



Questions. — 5. Are we to blame any particular body of Christians 
for intolerance? Why? 6. What characterized the Colony of 
Maryland? What does Bancroft say? Who could not be molested? 
7. What is said of the laws in England? Who were the Non-Con- 
formists? What of the Puritans? 



16 History of Maryland. 

chiefly in New England. A colony under a Ro- 
man Catholic proprietary, and governor, and con- 
sisting mostly of E-oman Catholic gentlemen, came 
to Maryland. 

8. North America having been discovered by 
English subjects, belonged by right of discovery 
to the crown. Hence, when colonies were formed 
to settle any part of the newly acquired territory, 
the crown gave them tracts of land, together with 
rights and privileges, at the same time imposing 
certain conditions which the colonists were to fulfil. 

9. The deed or document by which all this was 
done was called the Grant or Charter. These 
charters were given by the King to individuals, to 
companies, or to the colonists themselves. Hence 
there arose among the colonies three kinds of gov- 
ernments, viz : The proprietary government, the 
charter government, and the royal government. 

10. The royal governments were under the im- 
mediate rule of the crown. The charter govern- 
ments were those in which the administration of 
their affairs was in their own hands. The proprie- 
tary governments were those in which the charter 



Questions.— T. Who formed the MHryland colony? 8. Who gave 
the colonies their land, and by what right? 9. What Is meant by 
the Charter? To whom were they given ? 10. What were the royal 
governments? What, the charter ? What, the proprietary ? 



NoN- Conformists. 17 

granting territory, conferred upon the person or 
persons to whom it was made, the right of govern- 
ing the people who settled within the limits of 
their charter. 

11. The charter of Maryland exhibits to us the 
form of a proprietary government. The proprie- 
tary was not a company, but a single person, and 
at his death his heir succeeded to his rights and 
privileges. 

Question.— II. What kind of government had Maryland? 



2* 



18 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER II. 

Lord Baltimore — The Founder of Maryland — Early 
Schemes — Newfoundland — Sails for Virginia — Chesa- 
peake Bay — Return to England — Death — Cecil Calvert 
— Opposition of Virginia Colony- — Claiborne. 

1. The founder of Maryland, Sir George 
Calvert, afterwards Lord Baltimore, was an 
English gentleman of finished education. He 
was one of the principal Secretaries of State, 
and was subsequently a member of the House 
of Commons. He always maintained the 
rights, and protected the interests of the king, 
who did not fail to prove his grateful recol- 
lection of Calvert's loyalty. 

2. Sir George had early engaged in the 
schemes of colonization of that period, and 
very important trusts had been committed to 
him. His devotion to the duties of his office 
earned for him the esteem and confidence of 
the king. But in 1624, he resigned, either 
because his oath of office was incompatible 
with his religious belief as a Roman Catholic, 
or lest it might become his duty, as Secretary, 



Questions.—!. The founder of Maryland ? Who was Lord Balti- 
more? What is said of him? 2. Why did he resign his office? 



Lord Baltimore. 19 

to execute the penal laws against tlie mem- 
bers of that church. 

8. As was mentioned in the previous chap- 
ter, the spirit of intolerance pervaded Eng- 
land, in fact thd whole world. Although 
Sir George felt assured of the protection of 
the king, he determined to seek another land, 
and to found a new state, where, what hither- 
to was unknown, conscience should be free, 
and every man might worship God according 
to his heart, in peace and perfect security. 

4. At first, he fixed his eyes on Newfound- 
land, in the settlement of which he had before 
been interested. But finding the climate and 
soil unsuitable, he determined to seek a more 
genial country in the south. Accordingly in 
1628, he sailed to Virginia, with the intention 
of settling within the limits of that colony, or, 
more probably, to explore the uninhabited 
country on its border, in order to secure a 
grant of it from the king. 

5. Being unwilling to subscribe to the oath 
of allegiance that was tendered him by the 
colony, he left their borders and explored the 
Chesapeake above the settlements. 

Questions.— 3. What did he determine to do? 4. Where did he 
first think of settling? Why did he abandon that intention? 
When did he set sail and for what place? What was his design? 
5. Why did he leave Virginia? 



20 History of Maryland. 

6. He was pleased with the beautiful and 
well-wooded country, which surrounded the 
noble inlets and indentations of the great bay, 
and determined there to found his colony. 
He felt satisfied that he had selected a terri- 
tory possessing all the elements of future 
prosperity, fertile in soil, traversed by majes- 
tic rivers, and enjoying a climate unsurpassed 
elsewhere upon the continent. \^ 

7. Lord Baltimore returned to England, it 
is supposed, in 1629. In 1632, without any 
difficulty, he procured from his Majesty, 
Charles I, son of his former patron, the 
promise of a grant. The patent was pre- 
pared by Lord Baltimore himself, but before 
it was executed, that truly great and good 
man died, on April 15th, 1632. 

8. His eldest son, Cecil, having inherited 
his father's title and estate, received from the 
king the Charter promised to the father. 
The date of the Charter is the 20th of June, 
in the eighth year of the reign of Ciiarles I, 
or 1632. The country granted by this char- 
ter was named Maryland, in honor of Queen 



Questions. — 6. Where did he determine to found his colony? 

7. .When did he return to England? When, and Ironi whom did 
he obtain his charter? Who prepared it? When did he die? 

8. Who received the charter? What was its date? What was the 
country called? 



Cecil Calvert. 21 

Henrietta Maria, instead of Crescentia, which 
was to have been the original name. 

9. The Virginia colony opposed the scheme 
of Lord Baltimore, claiming that the grant 
transferred to others, territory belonging to 
them. William Claiborne had, under virtue 
of powers granted him by the Virginia colony, 
established a trading post on Kent Island, a 
part of the Maryland grant. 

10. But as the charters of Virginia had 
been dissolved, the king and his ministers 
considered that the right was vested in the 

, crown, of re-granting such parts of the terri- 
tory of Virginia, formerly included within 
the lines of these charters, as had not before 
been given to particular individuals. As will 
be seen, this was a source of future trouble in 
the colony of Maryland. 



Questio7is.—9. Who opposed the scheme of Baltimore? Why.? 
10. How did the king and his ministers regard this claim ? 



22 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER III. 

The Charter — Powers granted by the Charter — Land 
and Churches — '^Hitherto uncultivated''^ larids — Appli- 
cntion of the term — Claiborne — Stvedes and Dutch — 
Boundary lines by the Charter. 

1. By this charter, Cecil, now Lord Balti- 
more, and his heirs, were created absolute 
Proprietaries of Maryland. The proprietary 
had full, free, and absolute power to enact 
laws, with the advice, assent, and approba- 
tion of the freemen of the Province. But 
another clause of the charter seems to grant 
this power to the proprietary without the 
necessity of calling the Assembly, "provided 
these ordinances be consonant to reason, and 
be not repugnant nor contrary, but (so far as 
may be conveniently done) agreeable to the 
laws, statutes or rights of the kingdom of 
England," and further these ordinances must 
not interfere with the persons or property of 
any one. This afterwards led to some dis- 
agreement between the proprietary and the 
assembly. 

2. The proprietary had full power to grant 
to his colonists such tracts of land as they 

Questions. — 1. What were the powers of the proprietary? What 
is said of another clause in the charter? 2, What is said of grant- 
ing lands? 



The Charter. 23 

might purchase. He was also granted the 
"license and faculty of erecting and found- 
ing churches, chapels and places of worship 
in convenient and suitable places, and of 
causing the same to be dedicated according 
to the laws of our kingdom of England." 

3. In the second section of the charter, — in 
that part which is technically called the reci- 
tal — it is said that Calvert "being animated 
with a laudable and pious zeal for extending 
the Christian religion^ and the territories of 
our empire, besought leave to transport a 
numerous colony of the English nation to a 
certain region afterwards to be described, in 
a country hitherto uncultivated and partly occu- 
'pie.d hy savages.'''' 

4. Historians assert that the opponents to 
this charter claimed that these words hitherto 
uncultivated rendered the grant void, because, 
within the limits marked out by the charter, 
there were already settlements, namely, one 
on Kent Island, established by William Clai- 
borne, and one by the Swedes and Dutch. 

5. Whether there is any validity in these 
objections or not, there is some doubt whether 



Questions.— 2. Of building churches? 3. What is said iu the 
second section of tlie charter? 4. What do historians assert that 
opponents to the charter claimed? 5. What is said of this objec- 
tion? 



24 History of Maryland. 

these settlements existed at the time Lord 
Baltimore visited the Chesapeake, and doubt- 
less, he was perfectly honest in describing the 
country as "hitherto uncultivated." It seems 
that these words in the recital, or preamble to 
the charter itself, were very general in their 
application, and, in this sense, the region 
marked out by the charter, was uncultivated. 
The trading station on Kent Island could, 
with no show of reason, be claimed as ren- 
dering a country cultivated. 

6. The Dutch settlements were afterwards 
included in the colony of Delaware, and gave 
no trouble. They were, however, made the 
plea, upon which William Penn deprived the 
Maryland colony of a large and fertile terri- 
tory. But Claiborne, basing his claim upon 
the words, hitherto uncultivated^ asserted his 
independence of Calvert's grant. 

7. The territories described by the charter, 
extended from Watkins' Point opposite the 
mouth of the Potomac river, northward to 
the fortieth degree of north latitude, and 
from the Atlantic ocean and Delaware bay 
on the East, to the Potomac river on the 

Questiom.—b. What of Kent Island ? G. What, of the Dutch 
setlements? Of Claiborne? 7. What were the boundaries of the 
province, by the charter? 



Leonard Calvert. 25 

West. By examining a map it will be seen 
that this included a part of what are now 
Pennsylvania and Delaware. 



CHAPTER ly. 



Early Settlement of Mahylaki) — Preparations — 
Leonard Calvert — Embarkation — The ''Ark" ayid 
^^Dove" and the *^ Mayflower'' — Arrival — Landing — 
Explorations — Interview with Indians — Treaty with 
them— Treatment of them— Advantages enjoyed hy other 
colonies — The striking features of this colony. 

1. As soon as the grant was obtained, Cecil 
Calvert commenced his preparations for the 
establishment of a colony. It was originally 
his intention to accompany it, but deeming 
that the interest of the enterprise demanded 
his remaining in England, he confided his 
colony to his brother, Leonard Calvert, whom 
he constituted lieutenant general, or gover- 
nor. 

2. The colony was soon prepared for em- 
barkation, and on the 22nd of November, 
1633, it departed from the Isle Wight. The 
company consisted of about two hundred 

Questions.— 1. Did Cecil Calvert accompany his colony? Whom 
did he send ? 2. Date and place of embarkation ? 



26 History of Maryland. 

persons, who embarked in two vessels, The 
Ark, and The Dove. 

8. These names are not so familiar to tbe 
people of the country, or even of Maryland, 
as those of the Mayflower^ and Speedwell. — 
Most of our school histories having emanated 
from that part of the country settled by the 
emigrants of these vessels, perhaps an undue 
prominency is given to the Pilgrims of Ply- 
mouth Rock over those of St. Mary's. What- 
ever can be claimed for the Puritan colony, 
as commanding our admiration, the Maryland 
colony can claim with greater justice. Their 
motive for leaving was as pure, and their 
manner of doing so, no less pious, for in leav- 
ing their homes, their friends and relatives 
to plant seeds of religious liberty, they were 
careful to place their ships under the protec- 
tion of Almighty God. 

4. Though they have had neither poet nor 
painter to celebrate from sea to sea their 
heroic motive, their pious devotion of them- 
selves to the care of Him who rules the ra- 
ging of the sea, their no less pious thanks- 
giving on their landing, theirs was none the 

Questions.— 2. Names of the vessels? 3. What is said of these 
names ? How does their departure compare with that of the May- 
flower and Speedwell ? 4. What further is said? 



Landing of Pilgrims. 27 

less a mighty undertaking; standing out in 
history, as an era in the progress of mankind. 

5. After many difficulties and some dangers, 
these two vessels, though separated by storms 
on the ocean, arrived safely off' Point Comfort 
in Virginia, on the 24th of February, 1H34.— 
Having remained in Virginia a few days, they 
set sail for the banks of the Potomac, w^here 
they found mighty forests, a soil rich and fer- 
tile; the air sweet and balmy; and they re- 
turned thanks to God for the beautiful land 
which he had given them — for this was 
Maryland. 

6. Although they beheld groups of armed 
savages prepared to prevent their landing, 
and other demonstrations of hostility, they 
succeeded in establishing confidence in the 
breasts of the natives; and, having satisfied 
them of their peaceful intentions, at length 
purchased from them the territory they re- 
quired. Maryland was almost the only State 
whose early settlement was not stained with 
the blood of the natives. " 

7. They landed on the 25th of March on 
an island, to which they gave the name of St. 

Questions.— r> When did they arrive at Point Comfort? What 
further is said? 6. What did they see on the shores? IIow did 
they obtain the land? 7. When did thev land? 



28 History of Maryland. 

Clement's (now Blackiston's.) The colonists 
took solemn possession of Maryland, with re- 
ligious services conducted according to the 
usages of the Eoman Catholic church, and 
erected a cross as an emblem of Christianity 
and civilization, which they were -about to 
plant on th'ose shores. 

8. In order to make further discoveries, 
Governor Leonard Calvert proceeded further 
up the Potomac, near to the place now called 
New Marlboro', where there was an Indian 
village governed by Archihu, uncle to the 
king, or Wero-wance, who was still an infant. 

9. When the governor asked the Indian 
chief if he were willing that his people should 
settle in his country, he replied, "I will not 
bid you go, neither will I bid you stay, but 
you may use your own discretion." Using 
this discretion the governor concluded it was 
not safe to settle so high up the river. He, 
therefore, returned down the Potomac to St. 
Clement's Island, and thence to a small river 
on the north side of the Potomac, which he 
called St. George. 

10. He explored the St. George about twelve 
miles upwards, and anchored at the village of 



Questions.— 7. What did they, on landing? 8. Where did the 
governor then go? 9. What did the governor ask, and what did 
the chief reply? What did the governor do? 10. What river did 
he explore? 



Indians. 29 

the Ya-o-comico Indians. The Governor ex- 
plained to the chief, or Wero-wance, his object 
in coming to his country. 

11. The Wero-wance, after the custom of 
the Indians, made but little answer to the 
proposition of Governor Calvert; but, never- 
theless, hospitably entertained him and his 
companions, giving up his own rude bed for 
the accommodation of the governor. 

12. Having carefully examined the sur- 
rounding country, and finding it possessed of 
many advantages which rendered it an eligi- 
ble site, Calvert determined to commence, at 
this place, his first settlement. The ship and 
pinnace which he had left at St. Clement's, 
were ordered to joint him at Ya-o-comico. 

13. To prepare the way for a peaceable ad- 
mission into the country, he presented the 
Wero-wance and principal men with clothes, 
axes, hoes and knives, in return for which 
they granted him about thirty miles of terri- 
tory, which he called Augusta Carolina, after- 
wards the county of St. Mary's. 

14. The character of these presents to the 
Wero-wance indicates the desire of the colo- 



Questions.— 11. How did the chief receive him ? 12. What did 
he determine upon? 13. What presents did he make? 14. What 
did these presents indicate? 

*3 



30 History of Maryland. 

nist, namely, to introduce among the savages 
the first rudiments, as it were, of civiliza- 
tion — the implements of agriculture. 

15. The Indians further agreed to give up 
to the settlers, for their immediate accommo- 
dation, one-half of their village, and corn 
grounds which they had already commenced 
to plant, reserving the other part for their 
own use, until the harvest should be gathered, 
when the whole of the purchased territory 
was to be surrendered to the colonists. Upon 
the 27th day of March, 1634, the governor 
took possession of the place, and named the 
town St. Mary's. 

16. Most of the principal men, if not all, 
were Eoman Catholics, and their object in 
colonizing was to enjoy, without molestation, 
liberty of conscience, and to secure religious 
toleration on the American continent. The 
American historian, Bancroft, in speaking of 
Calvert, says that "he deserves to be ranked 
among the most wise and benevolent law- 
givers of all ages. He was the first in the 
history of the Christian world to seek for re- 
ligious security and peace by the practice of 
justice and not by the exercise of power." 



Questio7}s.—15. What agreement did the Indians make? When 
did the governor take possession? What did he call the pla el 
16. What does Bancroft say of Calvert ? 



Indians. 31 

17. While they lived in company with the 
natives at St. Mary's, the greatest harmony 
prevailed. The natives hunted with the Eng- 
lish for deer and turkeys, and received from 
them in return, knives, beads and such other 
trifles as they desired. The women and chil- 
dren became domesticated in the English fam- 
ilies. In the treatment of the savages of 
Maryland, the colony was always governed 
by the most exalted principles of Christianity 
and philanthropy. 

18. The territorial and personal rights of 
the natives were scrupulously respected, and 
earnest and persistent efforts were made to 
teach them religious truth and the arts of 
civilized life. Their lands were not taken 
from them by force and without their con- 
sent, but by honorable negotiation and pur- 
chase. The colonist purchased the rights of 
the aborigines for a consideration which gave 
them satisfaction. They offered no reward 
for Indian scalps, and their history is not 
stained with ^ a King Philip's war. They 
offered the Indians words and acts of love 
and mercy. 



Questions.— 17. Describe the life of the colonists with the natives ? 
18. What is said of the rights of the natives ? What did the colo- 
nists try to teach them? How were the lands obtained from 
them ? 



32 History of Maryland. 

19. Fair and beautiful then was the origin 
of the State. No wrong or injustice towards 
the native stained the hands of its founders; no 
persecuting domination or exclusive franchise 
was reared upon its shores, but around the 
rough-hewn cross on the island of St. Cle- 
ment's, gathered Catholic and Protestant, hand 
in hand, friends and brothers, equal in rights 
and secure alike in the free and full enjoy- 
ment of either creed. It was a day that 
should make the Maryland heart bound with 
pride and pleasure. 

20. The descendants of other colonies have 
not only had the happiness of having histo- 
rians, but of making literature a business and 
a trade, and have supplied the whole country 
with histories of their own making. Hence, 
at least, in school histories of our country one 
section has appropriated a very large share, 
and the other sections have been treated of in 
a very few chapters. To such an extent is 
this true, that these histories of the United 
States are very much like a Chinese map of 
the world, the Celestial Empire occupying all 
but the small corner that is left for the rest of 
mankind. 



Questions.— 10. What is said in Uiis section? 20. What happi- 
ness have other colonies enjoyed? 



Treatment of Indians. 33 

21. The first altar to religious liberty on 
this Continent was erected in Maryland; 
and the "Freedom of Conscience" that char- 
acterized the pilgrims of St. Mary's was not 
such as stained the annals of its history with 
the whipping of naked women, from town to 
town, at the tail of a cart, or the boring of the 
tongue with a red hot iron for being a Quaker, 
as was the case in other parts of the country. 

22. For the first time in the history of 
the colonies, the savages were treated with 
justice and mercy in Maryland. Their land 
was bought from them, and their condition 
was improved. There is no national histori- 
cal painting to perpetuate the memory of this 
treaty of amity and good will, but, assuredly, 
when on this first altar of religious liberty, 
the fires ascended to heaven amid the bless- 
ings of the savage, the memory of such a peo- 
ple "should not pass away from their des- 
cendants as an idle dream." 



Questions.— 2\. Where was the first altar to religious liberty 
raised? What kind of freedom of conscience was in Maryland? 
22. What is said in this section ? 



34 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER y. 

1634-1638 — Claiborne's Kebellton — Claiborne, the 
Evil Genius of the Colony — His Claim — Excites the 
Indians — Resorts to Violence — Flees to Virginia. — Sent 
to England — First Legislative Assembly — Division of 
Land. 

1. The friendly relations which subsisted 
between the natives and the English were 
first disturbed by the improper insinuations 
circulated by Claiborne, called by historians 
the Evil Genius of the colony. 

2. Before the charter had been issued, but 
probably after Lord Baltimore's visit to the 
Chesapeake, Claiborne had established a tra- 
ding post on Kent Island. This he had done 
in virtue of a license to traffic with the na- 
tives, and thereupon, claimed a right to the 
property of the soil, not only of this island, 
but also of another settlement at the mouth 
of the Susquehanna. 

3. He obtained his license to trade from 
Charles I, and afterwards from the Governor 
of Virginia. He was, therefore, subordinate 



Questions.— I. What first di.-^turbed the friendly relations of the 
natives? 2. Where had Claiborne established trading posts? 
3. From whom had he received his license? To whom was he 
subordinate ? 



Claiborne^s Pretensions. 35 

to tliat colony, and dependent upon it. But 
when this island was included in the grant to 
Calvert, he was notified that if he remained 
he would be deemed subject to that colony. 
He applied to the council of Virginia for in- 
struction how to act. 

4. This colony being opposed to that of 
Lord Baltimore, and not being iinv/illng to 
thwart it, the council replied they saw no 
reason why he should give up any territory 
he had held of them. Lord Baltimore had 
ordered his arrest should he refuse to submit 
to his authority. He, howevef, was not taken, 
and being enraged that Baltimore had ob- 
tained a grant including the places where 
he had been accustomed to trade, sought 
every means in his power to defeat the suc- 
cess of the colony at St. Mary's. 

5. As a means to this end he excited the 
fears and jealousies of the Indians, by per- 
suading them that the new comers were not 
English, but Spaniards, the enemies of the 
English. The simple natives believed him, 
and suddenly withdrew from St. Mary's. 



Questions.— 3.^hat did he do when his post was included in the 
Mainland colonies? 4. What did the council reply? What had 
Lord Baltimore ordered ? 5. What did he do ? 



36 History of Maryland. 

6. To meet any hostile attack that they 
might be stimulated to, the settlers postponed 
the building of their own houses, erected a 
block house or fortification, at the same time 
regulating their conduct towards the savages 
so as to re-awaken the old feelings of confi- 
dence and intimacy. The natives became 
convinced of the falsehood of the insinua- 
tions against the settlers, and again resorted 
to the colony. 

7. Having failed in these efforts to rouse 
the jealousies of the savages, Claiborne re- 
sorted to mor^ violent measures to support 
his pretensions. These pretensions were 
based upon the authority of Virginia. But, 
as has previously been mentioned, the Vir- 
ginia charter had been annulled; notwith- 
standing, he determined to uphold his claim, 
and, if possible, drive the colony from the 
province. 

8. To accomplish this he fitted out an 
armed vessel, under one lieutenant Warren, 
with orders to seize and capture any of the 
government or colony of St. Mary's, The 
second in command was Thomas Smith. — 



Questiom.—6. What did the settlers do ? 7. What did Claiborne 
now resort to? Upon what did he base his pretensions? What 
did he determine to do? 8. What did he fit out? With what 
orders? Who was second in command? 



First Assembly. 87 

The colonists promptly met this hostile de- 
monstration by fitting out two armed boats 
under command of Thomas Cornwallis. 

9. In a battle between the hostile boats, 
commenced by Claiborne's men firing first 
upon those of Cornwallis, Claiborne's "Vessel 
was captured. He was thus deprived of his 
last resource, and his only safety was in 
flight. He sought security in Virginia, but 
was followed by commissioners sent by Cal- 
vert, to demand his surrender. Governor 
Harvey, of Virginia, however, sent him with 
the witnesses to England for trial. This was 
early in the year 1635. 

10. During this year it appears that the 
first legislative assembly met. The records 
having been lost or destroyed, little is known 
of their proceedings. The laws which they 
passed, whether "wholesome" or otherwise, 
were dissented to by the Lord Proprietary,' 
it is supposed, because, under the charter, he 
claimed the right of initiating or proposing 
the laws. He immediately, however, set 
about to frame a code for their acceptance. 



questwns.-9 Who commanded the boats of the colonists' 
9. What was the result? Where did he go? What did Calvert 
do and vvhat, Governor Harvey ? What year was this ? 10. When 
did the first legislative assembly meet ? 



38 History of Maryland. 

By referring to the beginning of Chapter 
III., the reader will see the clauses in the 
charter, which refer to this matter. 

11. In accordance with the instructions of 
the proprietary, the land was divided among 
the settlers. Under the circumstances of dan- 
ger, both from the savages and their own 
countrymen, the colonists were not disposed 
to extend their settlements beyond the limits 
of St. Mary's; within the city, lots of five and 
ten acres were granted to all who might ap- 
ply for them. And, in the interior, tracts 
ranging from one hundred to three thousand 
acres, in proportion to the number of settlers, 
whom the persons applying introduced into 
the colony. A quit rent of twenty shillings 
for every thousand acres was reserved for the 
proprietary. 

12. These liberal terms were well calculated 
to induce men of wealth, who were able to 
bear the expense of transporting servants and 
dependents, to emigrate to this province, and 
contribute to the growth and prosperity of 
the colony. 



Questions. — 10. What is said of the laws they passed? 11. How 
was the land divided ? 12. What was the effect of these liberal 
terms ? 



Kent Island. 39 



CHAPTER VI. 

1G38-1642 — The Second General Assembly — Mis- 
sionaries — Kent Island — New Hundred — New Code of 
Laws — Trial of Smith — Claiborne's efforts in England 
— Returns to Virginia. — Missionaries — Conversion and 
Baptism of Tayac — Father White — Privileges of the 
Governor extended. 

1. Prior to 1638, the inhabitants of Kent 
Island had, to a certain extent, submitted to 
the government of Maryland, and courts were 
established there, in the name of the province, 
for the trial of civil and criminal cases. The 
factious followers of Claiborne, still looking: 
forward to the success of their leader resisted 
the processes and warrants of the civil courts. 
A visit from the governor himself with a mili- 
tary force was necessary to bring it to com- 
plete subjection to his authority. 

2. In the settlement at St. Mary's, the plan- 
tations had already extended to the west side 
of St. George's river, and there being large 
accessions from the northern country, a new 
hundred — a division similar to our election 
district — was erected. 



questions.— '\. What is said of the inhabitants of Kent Is.aud ? 
What was necessary? 2. Where was a New Hundred erected? 



40 History of Maryland. 

3. Lord Baltimore now caused the code 
which he had prepared, to be presented. But 
the people thinking that the power of making 
the laws was vested in them, and that the 
Proprietary had only a veto power, immedi- 
ately rejected the laws sent by Baltimore, 
and set about framing such as they thought 
proper. 

4. After a short time, however, the con- 
troversy was concluded by the Proprietary 
abandoning his claim, preferring the welfare 
of the colony to his own individual privileges, 
and satisfied that the veto power was sufficient 
to protect his authority in the provinces. 

5. Thomas Smith, who had been captured 
in the expedition sent out by Claiborne, was 
tried for murder. He was found guilty, and 
sentenced to death, though it is not ascertained 
that he was executed. A bill of attainder 
was passed against Claiborne by which his 
property was confiscated to the proprietor. 

6. Claiborne was still in England endeav- 
oring to accomplish his object through the 
known avarice and unscrupulousness of the 



s. — 3. What dispute between Lord Baltimore and the 
people ? 4. How was the controversy concluded ? 5. What was 
done with Smith? 6. Where was Claiborne, and what was he 
doing? 



Missionaries. 41 

royal court. He boldly laid claim to the Isle 
of Kent and his dependencies, and charged the 
proprietary's officers with having attacked and 
slaughtered his men. In the trial of Smith, 
however, it was proved that the first fire was 
from Claiborne's boat. In a petition to the 
king he offered to pay the crown two hun- 
dred pounds sterling for a grant of the Isle 
of Kent, and other valuable possessions. 

7. The whole matter havins^ been referred 
to a proper committee, they reported, after a 
full investigation, that the lands in question 
belonged absolutely to Lord Baltimore, and 
that no trade with the Indians could be car- 
ried on without his consent. 

8. Claiborne, thus baffled, returned to Vir- 
ginia to carry on his old schemes of annoy- 
ance. The legislature, however, interfered 
and compelled him to desist. Then he dis- 
patched an agent to Maryland praying the 
restoration of his property which had been 
confiscated to the government. His prayer 
was rejected and, for a while, he abandoned 
his efforts. 



Questions. — G. What did he charge upon the colonists? What 
was proved on the trial of Smith ? What did Claiborne offer the 
king? 7. What was the report ol the committee ?, 8. What did 
Claiborne do? 

4* 



42 History of Maryland. 

9. During the earlier years of the colony, 
the settlement was circumscribed within nar- 
row limits, and the presence of the two mis- 
sionaries who had accompanied the colony 
was required in the settlements. For these 
reasons their efforts at converting Indians, 
were confined to those who were in friendly 
relationship with the settlers. But as the 
colony increased new missionaries arrived 
from England. 

10. These zealous men immediately began 
to penetrate into the interior, and visit every 
tribe and village. The Indians at Patuxent 
received them very kindly, and bestowed 
upon them a plantation called St. Mattapany 
on the Patuxent, where a missionary station 
and a store house were immediately erected. 
These men travelled in a boat, subsisted by 
hunting, and at night slept under cover of a 
slight tent. Confiding themselves to the pro- 
tection of God they slept as soundly as if sur- 
Tounded by the luxuries of a palace. 

11. In five years they had extended them 
throughout a large portion of the province ; 



Questions.— 9. How many missionaries accompanied the colo- 
nists ? Why did they not go abroad among the Indians ? Did they 
teach the Indians in the settlement? When did more arrive? 
10. What did they do ? How did the Indians receive them ? How 
did they travel ? 11. What was the result of their labor ? 



Tayac. 43 

they had visited many tribes, and made many 
converts ; they possessed four permanent sta- 
tions, the most distant of which was one hun- 
dred and twenty miles from St. Mary's. They 
went in every direction preaching Christianity 
to the savages, and by their gentle influence 
maintaining the peace and quiet of the settle- 
ments more firmly and securely than could 
have been done by all the militia of the pro- 
vince. 

12. The conversion and baptism of Tayac 
was a remarkable event. Tayac was the chief 
of the Piscataways, the most extensive and 
powerful tribe in Maryland. Shortly after 
the arrival of Father White, the missionary, 
he was taken sick, and forty medicine men 
tried all the arts of conjuring within their 
power, to cure him. The missionary gained 
permission to treat the sick chief, and by his- 
treatment shortly restored him to perfect 
health. After having been properly pre- 
pared for the reception of the holy rite, 
Tayac and his household were baptized. 

13. Tayac after this abandoned the habits 
and dress of the savage, adopted those of 
the English, and learned their language. In 



Questions.— 12. Describe the baptism of Tayac? 13. What is said 
of Tayac, after his baptism ? 



44 History of Maryland. 

a conversation with the governor on the 
advantages of trading with the settlers, he is 
reported to have said : " I consider these as 
trifling, when compared with this one benefit, 
that, by their aid, I have arrived at the true 
knov/ledge of the one God, the most import- 
ant of all knowledge." 

14. Thus surrounded by christian Indians, 
the colony suffered but little from the hostili- 
ties of the natives, nothing that rose to the 
dignity of an Indian war. What troubles 
they had were caused by the Susquehannas, 
the Wycomeses and Nanticokes, who were 
too far from the settlements to be brought 
under the good influences of the whites. The 
promptness and energy, however, of the gov- 
ernor, prevented any serious disaster to the 
colony, and in a short time a truce was con- 
cluded with the Nanticokes. 

15. The colony had gone on improving, 
strengthening their settlements, and extend- 
ing their legislation. The Proprietary having 
.•authorized his brother, the governor, to agree 
jto such laws as seemed proper and necessary, 
;an assembly was called on the 2oth of Feb- 



Qucstions.—l'^. What remarkable language is attributed to him ? 
14. What Indians were troublesome ? 15. What was done by the 
assembly of 1639 ? 



Rebellion. 45 

ruary, 1639. By the act of this assembly the 
privileges of the governor were considerably 
extended, — privileges that might have been 
of dangerous consequence — but Leonard Cal- 
vert's long and virtuous administration, fully 
justified the confidence which the people 
placed in his honor and integrity. 



CHAPTER YII. 



1643-1647. — Claiborne and Ingle's Kebellton — 
Troubles in England — Insuhordinaiion of Ciaihorne — 
Calvert Visits England — Indian Troubles — Ingle — 
Gov. Brent — Calverfs Return — Endeavors to obtain 
Possession of Kent Island — Calvert compelled to Flee — 
Conduct of the Insurgents — Success of Parliamentary 
Party — Calvert Regains Possession— Death of Calvert. 

1. The contest which had broken out in 
England, between the King and Parliament, 
materially affected the good order of the 
Maryland colony. The government was a 
royal grant, and the Proprietary was an 
adherent of the king. As the cause of the 
king at home declined, the spirit of insubor- 



QuesUons.—\. What is said of the contest in England? To 
which side did the Proprietary belong? What did the advocates 
of Parliament think ? 



46 History of Maryland. 

dination of Claiborne, and the advocates of 
the Parliament considered this a favorable 
moment to throw off the authority of the 
Proprietary. 

2. Uncertain what course to pursue, and 
anxious to view in person the tendency of 
affairs in the mother country, Governor Cal- 
vert determined to visit England and consult 
his brother, Lord Baltimore. He set sail in 
the early part of the year 1643. During his 
absence the spirit of disaffection increased, 
and at length broke out in Claiborne and 
Ingle's rebellion. 

3. The Indians, either urged by the mal- 
contents, or perceiving the internal divisions 
of the settlers, again began to be troublesome. 
The Susquehannas were particularly so, hav- 
ing, contrary to the laws of nations been fur- 
nished with fire-arms by the Swedes and 
Dutch. 

4. Whilst the Indians were threatening the 
colony on the north, Captain Richard Ingle, 
an associate of Claiborne, a pirate and a 
rebel, was hovering about the settlement with 
an armed ship, holding communication with 



Questions.— 2. Why did Calvert return to England ? What hap- 
pened during his absence ? 3. What is said of the Indians ? Wlio 
furnished them with arms? 4. Who was Ingle, and what was he 
doing? 



Claiborne does not Yield. 47 

the disaffected, and endeavoring to strengthen 
their numbers. Governor Brent, who was 
acting in the absence of Gov. Calvert, issued 
a proclamation ordering his arrest and the 
seizure of his ship. Ingle was taken, but 
soon effected his escape, to join Claiborne and 
concoct new trouble for the colony. 

5. On his return in 1644, Calvert found the 
province in great disorder, the public officers 
at variance, the Indians encroaching, the 
pirate Ingle at large, his enemy, Claiborne, in 
arms, and, once more in possession of Kent 
Island. 

6. Calvert endeavored to obtain possession 
of Kent Island, but his efforts failed ; and the 
rebels, emboldened by success, and certain of 
assistance from their friends, invaded the 
Western shore, and, after a short struggle, 
obtained complete possession of the province. 
Governor Calvert was compelled to fly to 
Virginia. 

7. The conquerors immediately commenced 
a system of outrage and oppression upon those 
who had adhered to his fortunes, and had 
supported the laws of the colony. Many were 

Questions.— i. Who acted in the absence of Calvert? What pro- 
clamation did he issue? 5. Describe the condition of the colony 
on the return of Calvert? G. What did Calvert endeavor to do 2 
What, the rebels ? 7. How insurgents act ? 



48 History of Maryland. 

<• 
robbed of all their possessions, and banished 
from the province. Even the missionaries, 
among whom was Father White, called the 
apostle of Maryland, were seized and sent in 
chains to England. The provincial records 
were mutilated and destroyed, so that it is 
almost impossible to get accurate accounts 
of their proceedings, or of the struggle which 
follomed their success. 

8. The parliamentary party being now 
■completely in the ascendant, and having the 
king in their hands, Claiborne and Ingle 
:acted in the name of parliament. Their suc- 
cess seemed a death-blow to the supremacy 
•of Lord Baltimore, in the province. He felt 
this, and accordingly in 1646, directed his 
brother, the governor, to collect and take 
charge of his private property, and save what 
he could from the wreck of his fortunes, ap- 
parently abandoning the hope of recovering 
his rights. 

9. Leonard Calvert was not willing to yield. 
The people of Virginia were loyal to their 
sovereign, and he believed that the majority 
of the people of Maryland were attached to 



Questions.—!. Whom did they seize? 8. In whose naftie did 
Claiborne act? What did Lord Baltimore direct? 9. Why did not 
•Ca!l"vert yield? 



Calvert does not Yield. 49 

the mild and parental sway of the Cal verts. 
In Virginia he found not only a safe refuge, 
but also the means for a final effort to subdue 
the rebels ; while in Maryland the outrage, 
the oppression and misrule of the usurpers, 
soon prepared the people to sustain him in 
the attempt. 

10. Having completed his arrangements, at 
the close of the year 1636, he crossed the Po- 
tomac with a military force, surprised the 
enemy, entered St. Mary's in triumph, and 
once more took possession of the govern- 
ment. 

11. Kent Island, the stronghold of the 
malcontents, did not submit so easily as the 
rest of the province. It was found necessary 
to declare martial law; to cut off all commu- 
nications from without, and send an expedi- 
tion under the governor himself, into the 
island before the rebels could be reduced 
once more under the authority of the pro- 
prietary. The governor having secured the 
tranquillity of the island, granted an amnesty 
to most of the offenders, and returned to St. 
Mary's. 



Questions.— 0. What did he find in Virginia? 10. When did he 
return, and with what success ? 11. Whai did he do on Kent 
Island ? 



50 History of Maryland. 

12. Just as order was once more restored 
to the colony, and renewed prosperity began 
to dawn upon the settlers, they met with a 
heavy blow in the death of their governor. — 
Governor Calvert died, surrounded by his 
family and friends, on the 9th of June, 1647, 
having named Thomas Green his successor. 

13. During the space of fourteen years he 
had guided the colony through the storms 
which had darkened around its infancy — he 
had devoted his whole life and energies to 
its permanent establishment — with a disin- 
terested self-devotion, he had striven in the 
wilderness for its glory and its prosperity : 
and it seemed as if, through a special provi- 
dence of heaven, to reward his labors, a beam 
of sunshine had broken over the province as 
he was about to die, at peace with all, trium- 
phant over his enemies of Maryland, full of 
honor, and enriched with the prayers and 
blessings of a rescued people. His character, 
public and private, was without stain, his 
abilities were imdoubted, his government, 
kind, parental, and his memory was long 
cherished by the colonists with grateful recol- 
lection. He was indeed a great and good man. 



Questions.— 12. What misfortune befel the Colony ? 13. What 
had been the character of Calvert's administration? 



Liberty of Conscience. 51 



CHAPTER YIII. 

Liberty of Conscience— iVetu^warrfs to Liheriy of Con- 
science— Oath of Office— Acts of Assemhly-^Protection 
to Feelings— Who formed the Assembly. 

1. Lord Baltimore now perceived, that, 
while some concessions to the disaffected 
might be necessary to maintain his provin- 
ces, new guards were necessary to prevent 
the growing feeling of intolerance manifested 
by the insurgents, and which was tending to 
destroy the sanctuary he had erected at the 
cost of so much care and treasure. 

2. Therefore, in 1648, he appointed Wil- 
liam Stone governor of the province, and 
prescribed the famous oath of office, as a 
further guaranty for the continuance of lib- 
erty of conscience, and full toleration to all 
persons who believed in Jesus Christ. 

8. The assembly that met on the 2d April, 
1649, after enacting severe penalties for the 
crime of blasphemy, and providing that cer- 
tain penalties shall be inflicted upon any one 
who shall call another a sectarian name of re- 



Qtiestions.—l. What did Lord Baltimore now perceive ? 2. Whom 
did he appoint governor? What oath did he prescribe to the gov- 
ernor? 3. Against what penalties did the assembly make enact- 
ments ? 



52 History of Maryland. 

proach — sucli as "heretic," "idolater," "schis- 
matic," " round-head," &c. — declared that "no 
person or persons professing to believe in 
Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any 
ways troubled, or molested, or discounten- 
anced for, or in respect of his or her religion, 
nor in , the free exercise thereof, nor any way 
compelled to the belief or exercise of any re- 
ligion against his or her consent." 

4; The passage of this act, when compared 
with the intolerant laws existing in other 
colonies, is one of the proud boasts of Mary- 
land. Whoever was oppressed and suffered 
for conscience, might here find refuge, pro- 
tection and repose. 

5. It is said that some of these legislators 
could neither read nor write. " Two of them 
at least were in the habit of making their 
signet mark. Bat did they not leave a mark 
also upon the country, and upon the world ? 
In depth and earnestness, in real dignity and 
propriety, in profound views of human nature, 
and in true legislative wisdom, they were not 
behind those earlier law givers who bore the 
appellation of ' The Wise.' " ^ 

^ Davis. 



Questions. — 4. How does tliis act compare with laws in other 
colonies ? 5. What is said of the learning of some of these legisla- 
tors ? 



Protection to Feelings. 53 

6. No person was allowed to stigmatize his 
fellow-man bj any term of reproach on account 
of his religious belief, or the sect to which he 
belonged. The law protected not only the 
property and persons of the citizens, but their 
feelings also. 

7. This act, passed by an assembly made 
up of men of many different creeds, intro- 
duced no new principle in the colony, but, in 
its best provisions, was merely affirming and 
recording the law which had hitherto govr- 
erned the province. This liberality, as we 
shall see in subsequent chapters, was the 
cause of greatest misfortune to the province. 



CHAPTER IX. 



1049-1661.— Puritan Settlements— TAe Liberal Policy 
attracts Settlers— Richard Bennett and his Puritans— 
Chivalric Conduct of M a ry lander s — Infux of Puri- 
tans— Reduction of Virginia—Clniborne and Bemieit's^ 
Descent upon Maryland— The Proprietary ship Abol- 
ished—Indian Troubles— Claiborne and Bennett's In.- 
vasion. 

1. The liberal policy of Maryland could' 
not fail to attract the attention of the colo- 



Questions.— Q. What was disallowed? What were protected' 
7. Who composed this assembly ? 1. Who were ordered to leave- 
Virginia? 

5* 



54 History of Maryland. 

nies. The Puritans, on the James river, in- 
Yirginia, were ordered to leave that colony, 
and soon found an asylum here. Under the 
leadership of Eichard Bennett, they founded 
settlements on the Severn. They called the 
place New Providence. It was probably near 
the present City of Annapolis. 

2. This settlement governed itself entirely 
independent of any connection with the colo- 
ny, which received and protected them, not 
even obtaining grants for the land they occu- 
pied. 

3. At this time an event happened that 
showed the generous and chivalric character 
that has ever since marked the sons of Mary- 
land. Charles I, by a tribunal constituted 
for the purpose, had been put to death, and 
the parliament had passed a decree declaring 
it to be treason for any one to acknowledge 
his son Charles, as king. He was immedi- 
ately proclaimed sovereign by the authority 
of Maryland. This daring act of loyalty 
aroused the adherents of the parliament, and 
£nally led to the reduction of the province, 

4. The Puritans, attracted by the liberal 
ipolicy of the province were settling in con- 



Questions.—}. Where did they go? 2. What is said of this set- 
tlement? 3. What happened at this time? What was the effect 
of this daring act? 4. What other Puritans came to the colony? 



Puritans. 55 

siderable numbers. Besides those who came 
from Virginia, a colony came from England, 
under the patronage, it is supposed, of Gover- 
nor Stone ; another, on South river, and also 
a Protestant settlement, twenty miles from 
the mouth of the Patuxent, under Kichard 
Brooke. When the assembly was called, it 
was found that the partizans of Cromwell, 
who had usurped the power. in England, were 
in the majority. 

5. Parliament had passed an ordinance for 
the reduction of Virginia. The armed force 
that was sent out to effect this, was joined by 
Claiborne and Bennett, the Puritan, who had 
been appointed commissioners. The gover- 
nor of Virginia made his submission and re- 
ceived favorable terms. Although his duties 
as commissioner had now been performed, 
Claiborne could not forego the favorable 
opportunity he enjoyed of gratifying his 
ancient hostility to the colony of Maryland. 
The Puritan, Bennett, who had lately been 
so kindly received in the province, when 
exiled from Virginia, eagerly joined in the 
schemes of Claiborne. 



Questio7is.—5. What decree had Parliament passed? Who 
joined the armed force? What did Virginia do? What did Clai- 
borne then do ? Who united with him ? 



56 History of Maryland. 

6. Having come to St. Mary's, towards the 
close of March, 1652, they demanded that 
the colony should submit to the Common- 
wealth, which was the name given to the 
government ; they insisted that the name of 
the Proprietary should be erased from all 
writs and processes ; they removed the gov- 
ernor from his office, and entirely abolished 
the authorit}^ of Lord Baltimore, in the prov- 
ince. Stone was subsequently reinstated, but 
with modified powers. 

7. Simultaneously with the ascendancy of 
the Puritans, the Indians began to be trouble- 
some. The Nanticokes broke in upon the 
Eastern Shore settlers, burning, killing and 
ravaging. Great efforts were made to raise 
a force and protect their frontiers. The 
Puritans of Anne Arundel, however, refused 
to make their levies, and the expedition had 
to be abandoned. 

8. Lord Baltimore did not rest quietly 
under the wrong that had been done him. 
He immediately took steps to call the com- 
missioners to account for their unlawful pro- 
ceedings, and directed Governor Stone to re- 
quire all persons to take the oath of fidelity. 



Questions.— 6. What did they require ? 7. When did the Indians 
begin to be troublesome ? Wlio refused aid? 8. What did Lord 
Baltimore do? 



Claiborne and Bennett. 67 

and to re-establish the Proprietary govern- 
ment, which was accordingly done, 1664. 

9. Claiborne and Bennett immediately in- 
vaded Maryland with a considerable force, 
and Stone, either from timidity or disaffec- 
tion, submitted. These men having seized 
the government, disfranchised the very men 
who had received them into the province 
when flying from persecution abroad. An 
assembly was called, but no Roman Catholic 
or adherent to the royal cause was allowed to 
vote for delegates to it, or sit therein as a 
member. This body representing a minority 
of the people, immediately passed a law ex- 
cluding Roman Catholics and members of the 
Church of England from the protection of 
the government. This act, disgraceful as it 
was, can hardly be called a stain upon the 
fair fame of Maryland. It was the act not of 
Marylanders, but H)f those whom they had 
received in their midst, of those, who, pro- 
tected by the arms of the usurping govern- 
ment at home, usurped the government of 
Maryland, of those who like the serpent in the 
fable, stung to death the benefactor that had 
warmed them into life. 



Questions. — 9. Who invaded Marj'land? Who were disfran- 
chised? Who were excluded from the assembly? Can this be 
called an act of Marylanders? 



58 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER X. 

Restoration OF the Proprietary— Rebuke to Governor* 
Stone — Recovery of the Records — Unsuccessful Expe- 
dition to Providence — Barharity of the Puriiaris — 
Appeal to Cromwell — Decision of the Board of Trade — 
Bennett Makes Terms — Fendall — The Last of Clai- 
borne. 

1. When Lord Baltimore was apprised of 
the proceedings, he dispatched William Elton- 
head to the colony, with a severe rebuke to 
Governor Stone, for thus yielding up his 
authority without a blow, and instructions to 
resume it immediately. In 1655, Stone began 
to make levies among the people of St. Mary's, 
who had always remained faithful to the 
Proprietary. 

2. He dispatched Eltonhead with a force of 
twenty men, to recover the records of the 
province, which the commissioners had seized, 
and to capture a magazine of arms which the 
Puritans had gathered. 

3. Being successful in this, he pressed into 
his service ten or twelve vessels lying in the 
harbor. Embarking his force upon these, 



Questions.-^!. Who was sent to the colony and for what pur- 
pose? 2. Where did the governor send Eltonhead? 3. What 
second expedition did he undertake? 



Cruelty of Puritans. 59 

Governor Stone set out against the people of 
Providence. 

4. By the aid of an armed merchantman 
lying in the harbor, the Puritans were suc- 
cessful. The fight that took place was well 
sustained, but the undisciplined levies of St. 
Mary's were no match to the Puritans, many 
of whom doubtless were used to battle under 
the victorious banner of Cromwell. 

5. This victory of the Puritans was stained 
by an act, as cruel and bloody as it was un- 
necessary. The governor and his council 
and others, to the number of ten, were con- 
demned to death, although they had sur- 
rendered themselves upon the pledge of 
quarter. Four of them were shot in cold 
blood. The rest escaped at the stern inter- 
cession of the soldiers themselves. 

6. The governor and his council were de- 
tained prisoners for a long time. They were 
prohibited from communicating with their 
friends ; and Stone was not allowed even to 
write to his wife, at St. Mary's, without sub- 
mitting his letter to the inspection of his 
keepers. She was subsequently allowed to 
nurse him during the recovery of his wounds. 



Questions. — i. What prevented its success? 5. What barbarity 
were the Puritans guilty of? 6. What was their treatment of the 
governor and council? 



60 History of Maryland. 

7. Both parties now appealed to Cromwell. 
After some delay the controversy was re- 
ferred to the "commissioners of trade " in 
England. They reported entirely in favor of 
the Lord Proprietary. Capt. Josias Fendall 
was appointed governor, and directed by Bal- 
timore to see that the act for freedom of con- 
science was duly observed in Maryland. He 
was also ordered to reward with grants of 
land all who had been active in his behalf, 
and to take especial care of the widows of 
those who had fallen. 

8. To give aid and countenance to his gov- 
ernor. Lord Baltimore appointed his brother, 
Philip Calvert, secretary of the province. 
The governor and secretary obtained posses- 
sion of the capital without difficulty, but be- 
yond the faithful county of St. Mary's, their 
success did not immediately extend. 

9. The Puritans, determined to consider 
their authority as undisputed, summoned an 
assembly, which convened on 24th of Sep- 
tember, 1657. They levied a tax to pay the 
public expenses, and appointed commissioners 



Questions.— 1. To whom did both parties appeal? To whom did 
he refer the matter? Their decision? Who was now appointed 
governor? What instructions did he receive? 8. Wlio was ap- 
pointed secretary to the province? They obtained possession of 
what place? 9. What did the Puritans do? 



Fendall. 61 

to collect the fines imposed upon the ad- 
herents of the Proprietary. But their domi- 
nation was at an end. 

10. The negotiations of Lord Baltimore 
with Cromwell, began to be successful. The 
Puritan Bennett, perceiving the turn affairs 
were taking, and despairing of retaining the 
supremacy of his party, hastened to come to 
terms with the Proprietary. Fendall was 
acknowledged Governor ; and Maryland was 
once more restored to the government of the 
Proprietary, after nearly six years of re- 
bellion. 

11. But no sooner had Fendall overthrown 
the power of the Puritans, than he set about 
undermining that of the Lord Proprietary. 
At the session of 1659, the house of delegates 
demanded that the governor and council 
should no longer sit as an upper house. For 
a time, Fendall made a show of resistance, 
but at length yielded and took his seat in the 
lower house. 

12. The upper house was then declared dis- 
solved. Fendall resigned his commission from 
the Lord Proprietary, into the hands of the 
assembly, and accepted a new one from that 



Questions. — 10. What is said in this section ? 11. What did Fen- 
dall do? 12. What further? 



62 History of Maryland. 

body in their own name and by their own 
authority. 

13. The power of this new rebel was of 
short duration. The people were tired of in- 
testine commotions, and, remembering the 
mild government of Leonard Calvert, joyfully 
submitted to Philip Calvert, who was ap- 
pointed governor upon intelligence of Fen- 
dall's rebellion. Fendall gave himself up, 
and was respited. He abused this clemency 
to excite new trouble in after days. 

14. Claiborne, "the evil genius of Mary- 
land," the arch-disturber of its peace, returned 
into Virginia, where he still continued a man 
of some distinction. He met his death in 
battle with the Indians, and was buried in the 
field. His life and death were those of an 
heroic adventurer. 



Questions.— l^. What is said of the people of the colony? What 
of Fendall ? 14. What became of Claiborne ? 



Calm. 63 



CHAPTER XL 

1660-1689. — Peace and Prosperity — Cahn — Charles 
Calvert — Increase of Population — Planters — Maryland 
Domestic Life — Slavery — Servants — (Quakers — Fox — 
Land of the Sanctuary — Death of the Proprietary — 
FendalVs Attempt at Rebellion — End of the Period of 
Repose. 

1. After these storms, a calm of thirty 
years succeeded. The colony, again under a 
brother of its founder, having proclaimed 
Charles II king, set about to remedy the con- 
sequences of the late troubles. 

2. In 1662, Philip Calvert was superseded 
by Hon. Charles Calvert, son of the Lord 
Proprietary. At the time Philip Calvert as- 
sumed the government of the colony in 1660, 
the number of inhabitants was twelve thou- 
sand ; in five years, it had increased to fifteen 
thousand, and in 1761, to twenty thousand. 

3. The number of counties was increased. 
But as yet there were few towns. St. Mary's 
contained little more than sixty houses. The 
people were planters and farmers. There 
were no influences to draw people together in 



Questions. — 1. What is said in this section? 2. Who superseded 
Philip Calvert? 3. What was the number of inhabitants ? What 
is said of domestic life ? 



64 History of Maryland. 

towns, and the people, free from the excite- 
ment, turmoil and ambition of commercial 
communities, laid the foundation of that 
peculiar domestic life, which has always 
been the characteristic and charm of Mary- 
land. 

4. The first evidence of slavery in Mary- 
land, is to be found in the laws relating to 
masters and slaves, passed during this period 
of repose. Slavery was probably introduced 
from Virginia.''^ 

5. There was another species of servant in 
the colony, of whom mention is frequently 
made. They were white emigrants, who 
wanting the means to emigrate apprenticed 
their time, for a certain period, to those who 
would bear that expense. This was made a 
matter of trade. The captain of a ship would 
bring out a party of emigrants, taking in lieu 
of passage money an indenture, whereby the 
emigrant agreed to serve for a given time. 

* As the Puritans of New England were the first to 
engage in the traffic of sUives, after the trade was re- 
opened in South Carolina, and the very last to abandon 
it, it is not impossible that Maryland is indebted for 
the existence of slavery in her borders to the Puritans 
she received from Virginia. 



Questions. — i. First evidence of slavery? 5. What otlier species 
of servant was there? 



Calm. 65 

6. On the arrival of such emigrants, their 
unexpired time was sold to the highest bid- 
der. The price was paid in tobacco, which 
was the currency of the province. 

7. The Quakers or Friends here found 
peace and refuge. In Massachusetts, the law 
had proscribed them as a " cursed sect. ^^ They 
were to be imprisoned " without bail," and 
"sentenced to banishment upon pain of 
death." They were to be maimed, whipped, 
and, " man or woman, to have their tongues 
bored through with a red hot iron." 

8. George Fox, their zealous leader, tarried 
in Maryland and preached. Indian chiefs 
and their subjects, the legislature and the 
council, persons of quality, justices of the 
peace, and the heir of the proprietary him- 
self came to listen to his preaching. To the 
Friends indeed was Maryland The Land of 
THE Sanctuary. Whatever difficulty they 
had with the government, arose from their 
refusal to perform military duty, and their 
rejection of oaths, but even of these require- 
ments they were subsequently relieved. 



Qucstiom.—I. What is said of the Qualcers ? How were they 
treated in Massachusetts ? 8. What is said of the preaching of 
Fox? 

6* 



Q6 History of Maryland. 

9. Charles Calvert continued to act as gov- 
ernor until the death of his father, November 
SOth, 1675, by which event he became him- 
self the lord proprietary. Having revised 
and reformed the laws, and believing his pre- 
sence no longer necessary in the province, he 
appointed Thomas Notely to act as deputy 
governor in the name of his infant son, Cecil 
Calvert, and returned to England. 

10. While in Europe, he met and refuted 
the charges that had been made against his 
colony. He then, in 1680, returned to his 
province and assumed the government. 

11. In the following year Fenclall, in con- 
junction with a restless spirit named Coode, 
attempted to excite a rebellion among the 
people; they failed, and were arrested, tried 
and convicted, but escaped with their lives 
again to disturb the peace of the province. 

12. After governing the colony for four 
years, the proprietary, thinking it necessary 
for him to return to England, appointed a 
council to direct the affairs of the colony, 
and departed from the province, never to 
return. 



Questions.— 9. How long did Charles Calvert govern the colony? 
What did he do upon the death of his father? 10. What did he in 
England? 11. What is said of Fendall ? 12. How long did Charles 
Calvert govern in person after he was proprietary? 



Indians. 67 

13. Events in Maryland were bringing to a 
close the long period of repose and toleration 
enjoyed under the mild administration of the 
second lord proprietary. Dissensions, excited 
by the troubles in the mother country, and 
nourished by a sympathising spirit of intole- 
rance in the colony, at length broke out in 
open revolution. 



CHAPTER XII. 



State of Society, to 1689 — Friendship of the Natives — 
Kind of Government — Trade — Coin — Luxuries — Fruit — 
The Baltimore Bird — Tobacco — Travelling, 

1. Up to this time, the aborignes and the 
colonists were living side by side upon terms 
of the greatest friendship. The Chesapeakes 
had disappeared from Maryland, and the rem- 
nant of their tribe was seated on the banks of 
the Elizabeth river, in Virginia, under the 
dominion of the Powhatans. 

2. The Yo-a-comicos lived upon the St. 
Mary's, and, as has been mentioned, were 
almost domesticated with the settlers. 



Questions.— \Z. What is said in this section ? 1. What is said of 
the Indians? 2. Of Ya-o-comicos ? 



68 History of Maryland. 

3. The Susquehannocks, at the head of the 
Chesapeake bay, were at some distance from 
the early settlers, and less under the influ- 
ence of the whites than the Yo-a-comicos, and 
were less friendly to them. They were also 
hostile to Yo-a-comicos, and were, therefore, 
sometimes troublesome. 

4. The government was essentially a mon- 
archy. But no powers were ever exercised 
with more entire reference to the interest and 
welfare of the governed than this power was 
by the proprietary. 

5. Trade was conducted through the me- 
dium of barter, or the exchange of one com- 
modity for another. There was, however, 
a silver coin issued by the proprietary, of 
various denominations, having Lord Balti- 
more's arms on one side, with the motto, 
Orescite et Multiplicamini on the other. Pro- 
bably very little of this coin was used, tobacco 
being the most common currency of the pro- 
vince, one pound of it, in 1650, being about 
three-pence English money; in 1732 it was 
made a legal tender at one penny a pound. 

6. The luxuries of the present day were 
unknown. They sat upon stools and forms, 



.Questions— Z. Of the Susquehannocks? 4. Of what kind was 
the government? 5. How was trade conducted? What coin was 
issued ? 6. What is said of luxuries ? 



Indians. 69 

and they dined without forks; but they paid 
especial attention to the furniture of their 
bed chamber. Tea and coffee were scarcely 
used, but cider and sack were freely drunk. 

7. Great attention was paid to fruit. The 
waters of the bay furnished the greatest of 
delicacies — oysters and canvas-back duck. 
The oriole was common, and the settlers were 
so pleased with its plumage — black and yel- 
low — corresponding with those upon the arms 
of the Calverts, that they called it the Balti- 
more Bird. 

8. Tobacco was the greatest product of the 
province. It is said, "that a hundred sail of 
ships" traded in this article. Indian corn 
and the sweet potato were also cultivated at 
an early period. The words potato^ pone and 
homony are derived from the Indians. 

9. There was no regular post. Travelling 
was performed on horseback by land, and in 
canoes or other small boats by water. Let- 
ters were sent by private hand. 



Questions.— I-Yvnitt Chesapeake baj^ ? Baltimore Bird? 8. To- 
bacco, &c.? Travelling? 



70 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Eevolution of 1689 — James II. Banished — William and 
Mary — Delay of Imtructions — Protesta?it Association — 
John Coode — First Royal Governor — Acts of Assembly — 
Lo7'd Baltimore appeals to the King — Removal of the 
Capital — Second Royal Governor — Improvements— Ef- 
forts of the Royal Administration. 

1. In England, James II, who had suc- 
ceeded Charles II, had been banished, and 
was succeded by William and Mary. 

2. Upon their accession, the lord proprie- 
tary immediately gave in his adherence, and 
sent instructions to have them proclaimed in 
the province. Unfortunately, these instruc- 
tions did not arrive in due time, and, even 
after the new sovereigns had been acknowl- 
edged by the neighboring colonies, the authori- 
ties hesitated to act until they should receive 
instructions from the proprietary. 

3. The ill-will of the people had been ex- 
cited against the deputies, and every measure 
they adopted was looked upon with suspicion. 
The public arms were collected, in fear of a 
general outbreak. At length the unfortunate 



Questions. — 1. By whom was James II succeeded? 2. What did 
the proprietary do? Why did not the authorities act? What is 
said in this section ? 



William and Mary. 71 

delay to proclaim William and Mary brought 
affairs to a crisis. 

4. In April, 1689, " An association in arms 
for the defence of the Protestant religion^ and for 
asserting the rights of King William and Queen 
Mary to the province of Maryland and all the 
English dominions'''' was formed, at the head 
of which was John Coode, who had already 
been once guilty of treason and rebellion. 

5. The character of this man may, perhaps, 
cast a light upon their professions of religion 
and of loyalty. He was a man of loose morals 
and desperate habits. Assuming to be in holy 
orders, he was yet so depraved, that he was 
presented by the grand jury lor atheism and 
blasphemy. To escape trial he fled to Virginia, 
whence he would frequently come back, de- 
claring as he had overthrown one govern- 
ment he would pull down another. 

6. The king sustained the acts of a revolu- 
tion, which was, in fact, only a continuation 
of that which placed him on the throne, and, 
in 1691, appointed Sir Lionel Copley first 
royal governor of the province. 

7. Early in 1692, Governor Copley sum- 
moned a General Assembly, which met at St. 

Questions. — 4. What association was formed ? Who was at the 
head of it? 5. What was the character of this man? 6. What is 
said of the king? 7. What was the first act of the Assembly ? 



72 History of Maryland. 

Mary's. Their first act was the recognition 
of William and Mary ; their next, the over- 
throw of equal toleration, and the establish- 
ment of the Church of England as the State 
Church of Maryland. 

8. The legislature proceeded to pass op- 
pressive acts against all who differed from 
the creed of the dominant party. These laws, 
in time, were modified or repealed, though 
some of the obnoxious restrictions continued 
until the revolution of 1776, when religious 
liberty again became the noble heritage of 
Maryland. 

9. They next endeavored to deprive the 
proprietary of his personal rights in the pro- 
vince. Lord Baltimore appealed to the king, 
who issued a royal letter authorizing him to 
collect his revenues. The convention refused 
to submit, and threw his agents into prison. 
The king and council, however, having ex- 
pressly decided in favor of Lord Baltimore, 
the assembly at length yielded, as far as port 
and tonnage duties were concerned. 

10. From the proprietary the assembly 
turned to old St. Mary's. In that part of the 



Questions.— S. What furtlver acts did the legislature pass? 
9. What did they attempt? What did Lord Baltimore do? and 
what the couventioa? 10. What was the next step of the assem- 
bly? 



Oppressive Laws. 73 

province his firmest supporters dwelt, and 
the assembly determined to punish them by 
removing the seat of government from their 
capital. Another weighty reason was that the 
colony had now so extended that St. Mary's 
was inconveniently situated for those who 
had business before the legislature and the 
courts. 

11. As the very existence of the town de- 
pended upon its being the seat of government, 
it is natural that its inhabitants prayed and 
protested. Their prayers and protests were 
in vain. The seat of government was re- 
moved to Providence, which thenceforth was 
called Annapolis. 

12. In 1691, Sir Lionel Copley was suc- 
ceeded by Francis Nicholson, who was prin- 
pally active in securing the success of the 
established Church, and promoting the cause 
of education. He was commissioned in 1691, 
but did not enter upon his duties until 1694, 
the government being, in the meanwhile, in 
the hands of Sir Edmond Andros. 

13. During the administration of Nicholson, 
several beneficial improvements were effected. 



Questions.— 11. Why did the town of St. Mary's protest ? Where 
was the capital removed to ? 12. By whom was Copley succeeded ? 
13. What took place during the administration of Nicholson? 



74 History of Maryland. 

In 1695, a public post was established ; the 
route extended from the Potomac, through 
Annapolis, to Philadelphia. The system, in 
some of its features, was well suited to the 
condition of the province. 

14. Under the royal government, the popu- 
lation did not increase as rapidly as formerly. 
The causes which operated to check immigra- 
tion were these, namely, universal toleration 
had ceased; lands were no longer given *as a 
bounty to the immigrants ; and, the fluctua- 
tions in the tobacco trade. To add to these 
misfortunes, a destructive disease made its 
appearance among the stock of the. farmers 
and planters; and, two years later, a violent 
and raging mortality made its appearance 
among the people of Charles county. 

15. During the administration of the royal 
governors, the hand of the crown seemed to 
weigh like an incubus upon the prosperity of 
Maryland. For a quarter of a century the 
limits of the settlements were but little ad- 
vanced ; the population but feebly increased, 
and the foreign and domestic resources, at 
best, remained stationary. Keligious liberty 



Questions.— li. What is said of the population under the royal 
government? What were the causes? 15. What is said of the 
prosperity under the royal governors ? 



Charles Calvert. 75 

had taken flight, and with the overthrow of 
equal toleration, and the establishment of a 
church, was destroyed that true civil freedom 
which cannot exist for the body while the 
spirit is enchained. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



1714-1751 — The Restoration of the Province — 
Death of Charles, Lord Baltimore — Province restored 
to his Son — Undisturbed Tranquility — Policy towards 
Indians — Establishment of Baltimore — Fell's Poitit — 
Commercial Advantages — Elk Ridge Landing — Anna- 
polis — Maryland Gazette — Frederick — Georgetown — 
Death of Proprietary — State of the Colony. 

1. Charles, Lord Baltimore, expired on the 
20th of February, 1714, at the age of eighty- 
four years. His title and his province de- 
scended to his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, 
who, having abandoned the faith of his father, 
and becoming a Protestant, secured the favor 
of the king, and had the government of the 
province restored to him. He only lived 
long enough, however, to be acknowledged 
lord proprietary. 



Questions.— 1. Who succeeded Charles, Lord Baltimore? What 
is said of him ? 



76 History of Maryland. 

2. Bj his deatb, in 1715, the province fell 
to his infant son, Charles, who was educated 
in the Protestant religion.. Governor Hart, 
the last royal governor, was continued in 
office as representative- of the proprietary. 
The restoration produced but little change in 
the province. The Eoman Catholics were 
still disfranchised. 

3. For a period of forty years the colony 
enjoyed almost undisturbed tranquility. It 
had no greater troubles than contests between 
the governor and council, who formed the 
upper house, and the delegates of the people, 
in the lower house. These struggles were 
the germ of that mighty contest in which the 
liberties of the people were finally secured. 

4. From the earliest period, the govern- 
ment of the colony had pursued a peaceful 
and just policy towards the Indians. In 1698 
an act was passed to assure to the Kanticokes 
the possession of their lands in Dorchester 
county. 

5. Thus even the warlike Nanticokes had 
yielded to the mild influence of the colonial 
government, and became peaceful dwellers 



Questions. — 2. How long did he live, and who succeeded him? 
3. What was the condition of the colony? What is said of these 
struggles ? 4. What act had been passed in 1698 ? 5. What is said 
of the Indians?- 



Elk Kidge Landing. 77 

under its protection. But the red man can- 
not long remain in the vicinity of the white, 
and by degrees they began to remove. 

6. In 1729 Baltimore, the great emporium 
of the State, was first* laid out on the lands of 
Charles Carroll, in sixty lots of one acre each, 
by commissioners appointed by the legisla- 
ture. The north-western corner lot was that 
whereon St. Paul's church now stands. In 
1732 it was increased by an addition of ten 
acres east of the falls, on the land of Edward 
Fell, whence the name of Fell's Point, still 
retained by that portion of the city. 

7. The commercial advantages possessed 
by this point soon drew population, and the 
town grew and flourished. For a time the 
town at Elk Ridge Landing contended with 
it for the commerce of the northern part of 
the colony, and was a great tobacco market. 
But the superior advantages of Baltimore 
soon enabled it to surpass its rival.* 

"^The original lines of Baltimore were as follows: — 
From near the corner of Pratt and Light streets to Mc- 
Clellan's alley, from that point to the corner of St. Paul 
and Saratoga streets, thence east to about 165 feet from 
Gay street, including Fish street; thence south to near 



Questions.— 6. When was Baltimore founded? On whose land? 
When increased and by what addition? 7. What is said of the 
advantages of its position ? What rival had it? 

7* 



78 History of Maryland. 

8. At Elk Eidge Landing, where now there 
is a meadow and a marsh, rather than the chan- 
nel of a river, vessels came for their cargoes 
of tobacco. The greater part of this tobacco 
was still housed upon the plantations on 
which it was raised, awaiting notice of ship- 
ment. 

9. When this notice arrived, there was 
great stir and activity. The huge and stout 
hogsheads were fitted up with rough shafts, 
fastened to elects, in which revolved the 
strong axle-like pins inserted in either end. 
A single horse was attached, and the driver, 
walking by the side, began to " roll " his 
tobacco to the little port. * Some of the roads 
near Baltimore, leading to Elk Ridge landing 
are still known as " Rolling roads." 

where Water street is, and following the line of that 
crooked street — which was the line of the low lands — 
back to the beginning. Old Town was so-called from an 
early settlement made by Coles, or Gorsuch, or Jones. 
It was not originally a part of Baltimore Town, but 
was called Jones' Town, It consisted of ten acres, and 
was laid off in twenty lots in the year 1732. It was 
bounded by Pitt, now East Fayette street, by Jones' 
Falls and by French street. It was connected with Bal- 
timore by the Gay street bridge in 1732, but was not 
made part of Baltimore until 1745. 



Questions.— 8. Describe Elk Ridge Landing? 9. The Rolling of 
tob<acco? 



District of Columbia. 79 

10. Annapolis, whicli had been erected into 
a port of entry in 1683, continued to increase 
after it had been made the seat of govern- 
ment. In 1745, the earliest, and, for a long 
time, the only newspaper in the colony was 
issued. It was called the " Maryland Gazette," 
and was continued, by the descendants of the 
founder, until 1839. The early wealth of 
Annapolis is still shewn in the ancient build- 
ings, many of them displaying by their deco- 
rations the taste and resources of the original 
owners. 

11. Frederick, now the second city of the 
State, was laid out in 1745, It was made 
county town in 1748, at which time Fred- 
erick county was formed, having been carved 
out of Prince George's. 

12. Georgetown was laid out in 1751. 
Fallini]^ within the limits of the "ten miles 
square" that were ceded to the United States 
by the States of Maryland and Virginia, it 
has ever since formed a part of the District 
of Columbia. 

33. In 1751, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, 
having ruled his province, in person or by 



Questions.— 10. What is said of Annapolis? 11. When was Fred- 
erick laid out? When made county town? 12. What is said of 
Georgetown ? 13. When did the proprietary die, and how long 
did he govern ? 



80 History of Maryland. 

his governors, for the space of thirty-six 
years. This period was marked by general 
peace and increasing prosperity; it was also 
full of evidences of the unyielding spirit of 
the people in defending their rights, and in 
the acquisition of new ones. 

14. New counties were added; the popula- 
tion had increased, and the internal resources 
of the province were developed by the estab- 
lishment of factories, mills and furnaces. Do- 
mestic wine was manufactured as early as 
1748. 



CHAPTER XY. 



Boundary Disputks — Waikins' Point — Disputes with 
Penn — Penn's G^nnt — The Proprietary will not be 
Robbed — Penn attacks the Charter — Baltimore otit of 
favor at Court — The King is Patron to Penn — His 
Expulsion — Settlement Postponed — Mason and Dixon^s 
Line — Shrexodness of Penn — Virginia Boundary. 

1. Notwithstanding the clearness with 
which the boundaries of the province were 
laid down in the charter, it was nevertheless 
subjected to great difficulties about the limits. 

2. The first contest was with Virginia about 
the position of Watkins' Point, on the Chesa- 



Qwesiions.— 14. What further is said? 2. What was the first con-* 
test about? 



Dispute with Penn. 81 

peake Bay, this beiogthe starting point of the 
line of Southern boundary. After some diffi- 
culties between the two colonies, the dispute 
was finally adjusted on the 25th of June, 
1668; and the line was distinctly indicated 
and exists as the present boundary of the two 
States. 

3. The most serious difficulty, however, 
was that respecting the Northern boundary. 
The Swedes and Dutch, in 1629, had made a 
settlement within the limits of the present 
State of Delaware, which was inculded in 
Baltimore's grant. In 1681 William Penn re- 
ceived a grant of territory comprising twenty- 
six millions of acres. The Southern bounda- 
ries of this tract encroached twelve miles upon 
the grant to Lord Baltimore, being that dis- 
tance South of the 40th degree of latitude. 

4. To further his plans, Penn found it 
necessary to procure a grant of that part of 
the present State of Delaware which was 
excluded from the original grant, namely, the 
town of New Castle and all the territory for 
twelve miles around it. This grant, as well 
as a release of his rights in Pennsylvania, was 



Questions.— 3. With wnom was the most serious difficulty? 
What is said of Penn's grant? 4. What did Penn find necessary ? 
From whom was it obtained ? 



82 History of Maryland. 

obtained from the Duke of York, to whom 
had been previously granted, by his brother 
King Charles II, all the territory from the 
mouth of the Connecticut to the shores of the 
Delaware Kiver. 

5. Penn produced this grant and a letter 
from Charles II, directing the proprietary of 
Maryland to assent to an adjustment of his 
Northern boundary by measuring two degrees 
from his Southern boundary, at the rate of 
sixty miles to the degree. The proprietary, 
resting firmly upon the terms of his charter, 
namely, the 40th degree, declined to submit 
to be robbed of territory which the one had 
no right to take and the other no right to 
give. 

6. To shake Baltimore's confidence in his 
charter, he attacked it by objecting that the 
Delaware settlements had been planted by the 
Dutch, before that charter was granted. The 
proprietary at that time was under the displea- 
sure of the crown, and upon the king's refer- 
ring the matter to the board of trade, it was 
decided that Lord Baltimore's grant included 
only "lands untjultivated" and inhabited by 



Questions.— 5. What did Penn produce? Did the proprietary 
submit? G. How did Penn attack the charter? What was the 
decision of the board of trade? 



Mason and Dixon's Line. 83 

savages, and that the territory along the Dela- 
ware h^d been settled by Christians antece- 
dently to his grant, and was not therefore 
included in it. 

7. At the time of this decision, 1685, Lord 
Baltimore was not in a condition to resist it. 
Through the avarice of the crown, he was 
threatened with a total loss of his whole 
grant. Where power was on one side, and 
only right on the other, resistance would have 
hastened and ensured his loss of the province. 

8. But James IT, the patron of Penn and 
the author of the grant, who was now king, 
was about to experience in his own person, 
how little rights are respected when they come 
in conflict with power. He was expelled from 
the throne, and the final settlement of the 
boundary question was postponed until 1732, 
when an agreement was entered into by the 
Proprietary, to adopt the border fixed by the 
decree of 1685. 

9. The matter being subject to further dis- 
pute, it was not until 1766, that Messrs. 
Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, astrono- 
mers of celebrity, in England, chosen by the 



Questions.— 7. What was the condition of Lord Baltimore at this 
time ? 8. What advantages had Penn ? Why was the settlement 
postponed? When was the agreement entered into? 9. Who 
marked the line agreed upon? 



84: History of Maryland. 

respective Proprietaries for the purpose, com. 
pleted the division line between the two 
provinces — or " Mason and Dixon's," by set- 
ting at the end of every mile a stone with the 
letter P and the arms of the Penns, on the 
north, and the letter M, with the escutcheon 
of Lord Baltimore, on the south side. 

10. Thus, after a struggle of more than a 
century, by the shrewdness of Penn, in avail- 
ing himself of a mere qiiibble, a large and 
fertile territory was lost to Maryland. 

11. The last of the boundary disputes has 
never been settled. The charter of Maryland 
defined the western boundary by the meridian 
passing through the first fountain of the Poto- 
mac. The question arose whether the north 
or south branch of the Potomac was the main 
head. A glance at the map will show that 
the decision involved a large tract of land. 
Several attempts had been made to adjust 
the line prior to the revolution, and in 1776, 
Virginia recognized the rights of the territory 
contained within the charter, but it yet holds 
the disputed district. 

lQuestion.<f.—9. How ? 10. How was a large and fertile territory- 
lost to Maryland? 11. What was thre dispute with Virginia? 



French Claims. 85 



CHAPTER XVI. 

1751-1755— Frederick, last Lord Baltimore — Eng- 
lish and French War — Claims of each — Bold design of 
the Governor of Canada — Maryland stands aloof — Opjoo- 
sition to Arbitrary Demands — Dinwiddle' s Perplexi- 
ties — Maryland takes a part — Fort Cumberland — Acts 
of Assembly. 

1. In 1751, Frederick, last of the lords of 
Baltimore, became proprietary of Maryland. 

2. A contest was now approaching in which 
Maryland was deeply interested. It was the 
last war between the English and French, for 
dominion in the Kew World. 

3. Immense regions in America were claim- 
ed by both nations, and each was eager to 
forestall the other by getting possession of 
them. The most desirable of these regions 
lay west of the Alleghany mountains. 

4. The French claimed all this country by 
right of discovery, because in 1673, Padre 
Marquette and Joilet, of Quebec, French sub- 
jects, had passed down the Mississippi in a 
canoe, as far as Arkansas. 

Questions.— 1. Who was the last Lord Baltimore? 2. What contest 
was now approaching ? 3. What were the grounds of this contest ? 
4. What was the French claim ? 

8 



86 History of Maryland. 

5. The English, bj a right derived through 
purchase from the Indians, in a treaty be- 
tween commissioners from Pennsylvania, 
Maryland and Virginia, and the Six Nations, 
claimed all land west of the Alleghany moun- 
tains to the Mississippi, which land, according 
to the traditions of the Indians, had been con- 
quered by their forefathers. 

6. Such were the foundations of claims 
which plunged two nations into a series of 
wars ending in a loss to England of a great 
part of her American possessions, and, to 
France of the whole. 

7. In furtherance of the French claim, the 
governor of Canada conceived the bold design 
of constructing a chain of forts along the 
Mississippi and Ohio rivers where the Eng- 
lish had already established trading posts. 

8. Virginia was chiefly interested in the 
controversy. Maryland became involved sim- 
ply in self-defence. The legislature of Mary- 
land stood aloof, in spite of the commands of 
the crown — and, perhaps, because of therti, 
for the republican spirit was growing — the 
remonstrances of the governor, and the en- 



Questions.—^. What was the English ? 7. What design did the 
governor of Canada conceive? 8. Who was chiefly interested in 
this controversy? How was Maryland drawn in? Why did she 
stand aloof at first? 



French Claims. 87 

treaties of Virginia. They declared, how- 
ever, their determination to resist foreign 
invasion, and contribute to the assistance of 
the neighboring colonies when they con- 
ceived their necessity required it. 

9. Even in Virginia, which was so deeply 
interested in the controvervsy, the growing 
spirit of Republicanism, led to an opposition 
to the arbitary demands of the governor for 
means to carry on the war against the French, 
when all efforts at a peaceful settlement had 
failed. 

10. Governor Dinwiddle, of that colony, was 
sorely perplexed, and exclaimed, " There ap- 
pears to me an infatuation in all the assem- 
blies in this part of the world." He urged 
the home government to tax the colonies for 
the benefit of the common cause, independently 
of assemblies. 

11. But the time was come when Maryland 
was compelled to take part in the war. The 
Virginia troops under Colonel Washington 
had been captured by the French and In- 
dians, who, from Fort Duquesne, {Du keen^) 
erected on the present site of Pittsburgh, 



Questions.—^. What did she declare? 9. What trouble was there 
in Virginia? 10. What did Dinwiddie exclaim? What did he 
urge? 11. Wli}'^ was Maryland now compelled to take a part? 



88 History of Maryland. 

poured their savage and plundering bands on 
the unprotected frontiers of Pennsylvania, 
Maryland and Virginia. 

12. The Assembly at Annapolis in 1754, 
voted supplies and assistance to the Virgi- 
nians in their efforts to reduce this fort. 
Many of the people of the province had, be- 
fore this, organized companies of rangers and 
frontier guards for the protection of the bor- 
der settlements. A fort had been erected at 
Cumberland, far beyond the settlements — 
which served as a resting point in the expe- 
ditions undertaken against the French on the 
Ohio. In these expeditions the people of 
Maryland bore a part. Governor Sharpe, of 
Maryland, was, by a royal commission, com- 
mander-in-chief of all the forces engaged 
against the French, on the Ohio. 

13. On the 24th of December, 1754, the 
General Assembly of Maryland was again 
convened, and passed a law for the levying 
of troops for the ensuing campaign. In the 
session of February, 1755, they passed other 
laws providing for the energetic prosecution 



Questions.— \2. What did the assembly vote? What had the 
people already done? Where had a fort been erected? Who 
was commander-in-chief of all the forces? 13. When did the 
assembly meet ? What act did they pass ? 



General Braddock. 89 

of the expedition which ended so disastrously 
for the whole country, known as BraddocJc's 
Defeat. 



CHAPTER XYII. 

1755-1758 — Braddock's Defeat — BraddocJc's Arrival — 
Cou7ic.il at Alexandria — Braddock at Frederick — ylrri- 
val of Franklin — Franklin's Suggestions — Braddock' s 
Confidence — FrankHn's Pro2')osiiion — March over the 
Mountains — Baggage — Muitcal Disgust — Braddock re- 
jects the Indians and Backtooodsmen — Sloiv Move- 
ments — The Contest — The Defeat. 

1. Although the expedition which resulted 
in Braddock's defeat belongs more properly 
to the history of Virginia, yet as the disaster 
involved serious consequences to Maryland, 
and the story is one of peculiar interest, it 
calls for more than a passing notice. 

2. Early in the year, Gen. Braddock, at the 
head of a strong body of troops, embarked for 
the colonies. On his arrival at Alexandria, 
a council of colonial governors was summoned 
to meet him at Annapolis, on the 3d of April. 
Gen. Braddock, Gov. Dinwiddie, and Com- 

Quesiions. — 2. When did Braddock embark for the colonies? 
What council was held? Where did they adjourn to ? 

8* 



90 History of Maryland. 

modore Keppel, arrived at Annapolis, where 
thej were shortly after joined by the gover- 
nors of Massachusetts, New York and Penn- 
sylvania. 

3. The place of meeting having been 
changed, these gentlemen, together with Gov. 
Sharpe, of Maryland, proceeded to the Gener- 
al's head-quarters at Alexandria. 

4. In the council three expeditions were 
determined on: the first, against Fort Du- 
quesne, under Braddock himself, reinforced 
by the Maryland and Virginia levies; the 
second, against Niasjara and Fort Frontisjnac, 
and the third, against Crown Point. 

5. Governor Sharpe immediately proceeded 
to Frederick, where a portion of the army 
was already quartered. He was joined here 
by General Braddock, who had left Alexan- 
dria, on the 20th of April. Braddock in- 
tended to remain at Frederick until his stores 
should be forwarded to Fort Cumberland. 
The Virginia contractors having failed to 
fulfil their engagements, his stay at Frederick, 
very much to his chagrin, was protracted 
beyond his expectation or his patience. He 
was compelled to send round the country to 



Questions.— 4. What expeditions were determined upon ? 5. What 
delayed Braddock ? What was he compelled to do ? 



Franklin. 91 

buy food and cattle for the subsistence of his 
troops. 

6. While Braddock was venting his 
spleen against army contractors, Benjamin 
Franklin arrived at Frederick. He came 
ostensibly in the character of Post Master 
General, to arrange for the transmission of 
dispatches, but in reality sent by the Assem- 
bly of Pennsylvania to conciliate Braddock, 
who, they understood, was incensed against 
them. 

7. Notwithstanding the entire confidence 
Braddock had in himself and his regulars, 
Franklin, relying upon his better knowledge 
of the difficulties of the country, and the 
peculiarities of Indian warfare, modestly ob- 
served to the general, that if he arrived 
before Fort Duquesne, with his troops and 
artillery, the fort could probably make but a 
short resistance, but that he himself feared 
the ambuscades of the Indians. 

8. Braddock smiled at what he thought 
Franklin's ignorance, and replied : " These 
savages may indeed be a formidable enemy 
to raw American militia, but upon the king's 



Qucs(i07is.—G. Who joined Braddock at Frederick? For what 
purpose had he been sent? 7. What suggestions did Franklin 
make ? 8. How did Braddock receive the suggestions ? What did 
he reply? 



92 History of Maryland. 

regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is im- 
possible for them to make any impression." 

9. During his stay at Frederick, he was 
joined by George Washington, then Colonel, 
whom he had invited to join him as aid-de- 
camp. It was to the skill and courage of 
Washington, that the remnant of the army 
owed its preservation. 

10. As the whole delay of the army was 
caused by the want of wagons and teams, the 
few in the neighborhood of Frederick having 
been all impressed, and found insufficient, 
Franklin one day expressed his regret to the 
general that he had not landed in Pennsyl- 
vania, where almost every farmer owned a 
wagon. 

11. Braddock immediately commissioned 
Franklin to contract for one hundred and 
fifty wagons, and a proper supply of draught 
and saddle horses. The reluctant Pennsyl- 
vania farmers, however, would not yield their 
property without the further security of 
Franklin's personal responsibility. 

12. On the 10th of June, Braddock set off 
from Fort Cumberland. The march over 



Questions.— 9. Who joined him at Frederick? What is said of 
Washington? 10. What caused the delay? What did Franklin 
say? For hoy many wagons did he order iiim to contract? What 
did the farmers require? 12. When -did Braddock start from 
Cumberland? 



Mutual Disgust. 93 . 

the mountains proved a tremendous affair. 
Owing to the difficulties of the way, the 
line of wagons and troops often extended 
for three or four miles. Washington was 
outraged at the number of wagons required 
for the baggage and luxuries of the officers, 
backwood's campaigning admitting only what 
could be carried in a portmanteau. He 
thought that men who required so much for 
their comfort, could hardly be efficient in the 
field. On the other hand, the British officers 
were disgusted at the "languid, spiritless, un- 
soldier-like appearance " of the colonial levies, 
"which gave little hope of future good be- 
havior." The sequel proved how much de- 
ceived both parties were in their estimate of 
each other. 

13. Braddock, in his blind confidence in 
his regulars, rejected the aid of Indians and 
backwoodsmen, acquainted with Indian war- 
fare, saying, he had "experienced troops on 
whom he could rely for all purposes." 

14. The military education of Braddock 
was in his way. He could not adapt himself 
to the nature of circumstances in which he 



Questions.— 12. What of the march ? What were Washington's 
feelings? At what were the British disgxisted ? 13. What is said 
in this section ? 14. What was in Braddoek's way? What was the 
result? 



94 History of Maryland. 

was placed. Hence his march was exceed- 
ingly slow, sometimes not advancing more 
than twelve miles in. four days. Although 
a stranger to fear, he was charged at home 
^^with not marching as if at all impatient to be 
scalpedr 

15. In this march Washington saw enough 
of British regulars to have his confidence in 
them shaken, when it should come to wild 
bush-fighting. He ventured to suggest that 
the Virginia rangers, being accustomed to the 
country and Indian warfare, might be thrown 
in advance. The veteran, indignant that a 
young provincial should presume to make a 
suggestion to him, gave him only an angry 
reply. 

16. On July 9th the army was in the neigh- 
borhood of the fort, marching "as if in a re- 
view in St. James' Park," without having sent 
out scouts or rangers in advance, when sud- 
denly was heard a quick and heavy firing in 
front. The van of the advance had been 
taken by surprise; a murderous fire broke 
out from among trees and a ravine on the 
right, and the woods resounded with un- 
earthly whoops and yellings. 

17. A perfect panic seized the troops, all 



Questions,—!^ What did Washington suggest? How was it re- 
ceived ? 10. What is said in this section ? 17. Describe the panic ? 



The Defeat. 95 

orders were unheeded ; in their fright they 
shot at random, killing their own troops. In 
a short time most of the officers and many 
of the men of the advance were killed or 
wounded. The advance fell back upon the 
working party, which was equally dismayed, 
and which, together with the advanced party, 
fell back upon the reinforcement sent up, and 
all was now confusion. 

18. When the general came upon the 
ground, he tried to rally the men. " They 
would fight," they said, "if they could see 
their enemy; it was useless to fire at trees 
and bushes, and they could not stand to be 
shot down by an invisible foe." 

19. The Virginia troops scattered them- 
selves, and took post behind trees. In this 
way they, in some degree, protected the regu- 
lars. Braddock would not consent to depart 
from the system he had been trained in, and, 
instead of adopting the same plan, insisted 
upon forming his troops in platoons. The 
result was they were cut down as fast as they 
could advance. 

20. The bravery of the officers was now 
seen. Their courage seemed to kindle with 



Questions.— 18. "What did the general try to do? What did the 
men reply ? 19. What did the Virginia troops do ? What Brad- 
dock? 20. What is said of the bravery of the officers? 



96 History of Maryland. 

the thickeuing horrors. In the vain hope of 
inspiriting their men thej would dash for- 
ward singly or in groups. They were inva- 
riably shot down. 

21. Washington was the only aid left alive. 
He was sent to the main body to bring the 
artillery into action. The men who served 
the guns were paralysed. Had they raked 
the ravine with grape shot the day might 
have been saved. But the men could not be 
kept to the guns. 

22. Braddock wa^ undaunted, five horses 
had been killed under him, still he kept his 
ground, vainly endeavoring to check the flight 
of his men. At length a bullet passed through 
his right arm, and lodged itself in his lungs. 

23. The rout now became complete. Out 
of eighty-six officers, twenty-six had been 
killed, and thirty-six wounded. The rank 
and file lost upwards of seven hundred. The 
Virginia corps suffered most, one company 
had been almost annihilated, another had lost 
all its officers, even to the corporal.^ 

* Abridged from Irving's Life of Washington. 



Questions.— 21. What is said of Washington? What of the men ? 
22. What of Braddock ? 23. Describe the rout ? 



Terror. 97 

24. The victorious force of the enemy con- 
sisted only of thirty Frenchmen and three or 
four hundred Indians, of whom seven Indians 
and four Frenchmen were killed. 



CHAPTER XYIII. 

1755-1758— French and Indian War Continued— 
Terror and Desolation — Plantations laid Waste — 
Panic — Expedition against Fort Diiquesne — Granfs 
Bravado and Defeat — Gallantry of Marylanders — 
Abandonment of the Fort by the French. 

1. A period of terror and desolation en- 
sued — the settlements were attacked and 
broken up. The outposts were driven in, 
and some of the smaller posts captured and 
their garrisons massacred. The panic spread 
even to the bay shore. Many of the inhabi- 
tants from the interior fled to Baltimore. 
Preparations were made by the citizens of 
that town to embark their women and chil- 
dren on board of vessels, preparatory to a 
flight to Virginia ; while some of the Virgi- 
nians even believed there was no safety short 
of England itself. 



Questions.— 2A:. What did the victorious force consist of? 1. What 
is said in this section? How far did the panio extend? 



98 History of Maryland. 

2. As soon as the disastrous intelligence of 
Braddock's destruction readied Annapolis, 
Governor Sharpe set out for Frederick; the 
militia were called out, and volunteers were 
raised. 

3. In this disastrous year more than twenty 
plantations were laid waste, and their occu- 
pants massacred or carried into captivity. In 
November, it was reported that a body of 
French and Indians were within thirty miles 
of Baltimore, and immediately two thousand 
men assembled to meet their advance. 

4. Even the people of Annapolis, far re- 
moved as they were from the frontiers, caught 
the infection, and began to fortify their town. 
The excitement was allayed by the return of 
several volunteers from the West, who re- 
ported affairs as in a better condition. 

5. Fort Cumberland being so far from the 
frontier, was found to afford no protection. 
Governor Sharpe, therefore, selected a site 
for a new fort, near the present town of Han- 
cock, to be called Fort Frederick, which was 
ready for the reception of troops by the 
middle of August, 1756. 



Questions.— 2. Gov. Sharpe's movements? 3. What is said of 
the ravages of the Indians ? 4. What of Annapolis ? 5. What new 
site for a fort was selected ? 



Active Measures. 99 

6. Provision having thus been made, the 
confidence of the people to the westward was 
somewhat restored. But the petty warfare 
of posts and defensive expeditions, while it 
exhausted the force of the colony, could pro- 
duce no permanent results. 

7. The neighboring colonies of Virginia 
and Pennsylvania, at length, with that of 
Maryland, became convinced that the only 
way to protect their frontiers, were by expel- 
ling the enemy from their stronghold. 

8. It was hoped by the colonies that active 
and energetic measures would now be taken. 
Virginia, which was most interested, had one 
regiment in the field. The forces of Mary- 
land amounted to five hundred men, aided by 
Indian allies, under Col. Dagworthy. 

9. In September, 1758, an advanced body 
having proceeded about ten miles beyond 
Laurel Hill, Major Grant was detached to re- 
connoitre, with a body of more than eight 
hundred men, consisting of three hundred 
and thirty Highlanders, one hundred royal 
Americans, one hundred and seventy-six Vir- 
ginians, ninety-five Maryland, one hundred 



Questions.— G. What is said in this section ? 7. Of what were the 
colonies now convinced? 8. What forces were now in the field? 
9. What is said of Grant ? 



100 History of Maryland. 

and twelve Pennsylvania, and thirteen Caro- 
lina troops. 

10. In the night, Grant took a post upon a 
hill about eighty rods from Fort Duquesne, 
unobserved by the French, and in the morn- 
ing by way of bravado, beat the reveille, and 
sounded the bagpipes in several places. 

11. As soon as the English were discovered, 
the Indians sallied out from the fort, and 
having reached a height that overlooked 
Grant's position, surrounded him and com- 
menced the attack, 

12. The Highlanders suffering from the 
deadly fire, at length gave way. The Mary- 
land troops, joined by the Carolinians, took 
cover in bushes and behind trees, and keep- 
ing the enemy at bay, sustained the action, 
The Virginians were two miles behind guard- 
ing the baggage ; as soon as the action began 
they hastened up to the assistance of Grant, 
but were unable to maintain their ground. 
The En owlish were defeated with a loss of two 
hundred and sevent3^-three killed, and forty- 
two wounded. 

13. The Marylanders behaved with great 
gallantry, and, although they suffered severely, 



Questions.— 10. What further? 11. What did the Indians do? 
12. What, the Highlanders? Who kept tlie enemy at bay? What 
about the Virginians? 13. How did the Maryhmders behave? 



Defeat of French and Indians. 101 

succeeded in covering the retreat of the re- 
mainder of the troops. Out of ninety-five 
men, their loss was twenty-three privates and 
one officer. 

14. The main body was still toiling on its 
way, and did not reach the scene of the con- 
flict until a month after the battle. It was 
determined to defer any attack until the next 
campaign. But the enemy were not so slow. 
The troops from the fort, with the Indians, 
to the number of one thousand men, attacked 
the English on the 12th of October. After a 
hard fight, they were repulsed. Lieut. Pra- 
ther, of Maryland, was killed. 

15. After this battle several skirmishes 
ensaed. In one of these, Capt. Evan Shelby, 
of Frederick county, killed, with his own 
hand, one of the leading chiefs of the enemy. 

16. The Indians now abandoned their allies, 
and left the fort, saying it was an easy matter 
to deal with the regulars, but impossible to 
withstand the provincials. On the 22d of 
November, after a painful march, the English 
succeeded in reaching Fort Duquesne, which 
they found had been abandoned and burnt 



Questions.— li. What about the main body? Who attacked it? 
Result? 15. Who was killed? 16. What did the Indians do? 
When did the English reach the fort? What did they find? 

9* 



102 History of Maryland. 

by the French. A new fort was built, named 
Fort Pitt. 

17. Governor Sharpe, in sympathy with 
the joy that filled the colony, appointed a 
day of public thanksgiving and praise. The 
Assembly appropriated money to be divided 
among the brave men who had served in 
their forces. 

18. From this time Maryland had little 
concern in the war, and the principal features 
of its history are of a pacific and legislative 
character. Yet that legislative history is full 
of interest, for it led, eventually, to the revo- 
lution. It was a continuous struggle for the 
rights of the commons. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



The Days Before the Eevolution — The Democratic 
and the Aristocratic Elements — Claims of the Two 
Houses — Peace — Debt — Condition of Maryland — In- 
fluence of the French War — The Old Controversy Re- 
vived — Preparatory Steps to the Slam]} Act. 

1. The Charter of Maryland contained the 
germs of two contending principles — the 



Questions. — 17. What is said in this section? 18. And what in 
this ? 1. What is said of the charter ? 



Peace. 103 

aristocratic and the democratic. From the 
earliest period of its history, there had been 
contests between the parties representing 
these principles. 

2. The result of the contest, in every stage, 
was in favor of the democratic element. The 
spirit of the people, and the necessities of the 
times, contributed to its vigorous growth. 
The contest was now verging to its final 
issue. 

3. The representatives of the people, who 
sat in the lower house, insisted upon the 
right to frame and amend bills for raising 
money. The upper house, consisting of the 
governor and his council, claimed for them- 
selves a share in the imposition of taxes. 

4. As long as danger was threatening the 
existence of the colony, the commons did not 
insist upon their claim, but when the war 
was over, they planted themselves firmly 
upon their old position — "that the people 
could only be taxed by their own consent." 

5. Peace was declared in 1768, and the 
French colonies were ceded to England. But 
to counterbalance this acquisition, she found 



Questions.— 2. What was the result of every contest? 3. Upper 
and lower houses? 4. What was the claim of the commons? 
5. When was peace declared ? 



104 History of Maryland. 

herself hiboring under a heavy war debt. To 
aid her in managing this, she turned her eyes 
towards the colonies, all of whom, excepting 
Maryland alone, which had resisted, she had 
compelled to furnish requisitions. 

6. The condition of Maryland was pros- 
perous. In 1761, its population amounted to 
164,000 persons. The greatness of its re- 
sources was undisputed. Its people were 
frugal and industrious, and had spread them- 
selves almost to the utmost limits of the 
province. Its physical features made it 
peculiarly fitted for commerce and naviga- 
tion ; its soil was rich, and exuberantly pro- 
ductive to the labor of the husbandman and 
planter. Such was the spectacle that met 
the ej'es of England, casting about for some- 
thing to prey upon, and the result of the 
scrutiny was the passage of the Stamp Act. 

7. Disastrous as the French war apparently 
was to the colonies, it was not without great 
advantage to them. The spirit of independ- 
ence and self-reliance had had time to grow, 
and opportunities to develop itself. With 
an active and watchful enemy ready to seize 



Questions.— 5. What was the condition of England? 6. Condition 
of Ma'ryland? Character of her people? What further is said? 
7. Influence of French War? 



Influence of the French War. 105 

upon the colonies, England was too dependent 
upon them to offend them. She, therefore, 
in a measure, closed her eyes to the growing 
spirit of independence, while the colonies 
learned their power to maintain that spirit. 

8. Now that the war was over, England on 
the one hand was determined to make the 
colonies feel her authority, and the colonies, 
on the other, to re-assert their old rights. It 
was a contest for supremacy on one side, and 
freedom on the other. 

9. In 1763, the English government began 
to take preparatory steps. The Prime Min- 
ister gave notice to the colonies that, at the 
eusuino: session of Parliament, he intended to 
propose a duty on stamps for the purpose of 
raising a revenue from the provinces, to de- 
fray the expenses of the war. He hoped the 
colonies would propose a compromise, and 
thus commit themselves to an abandonment 
of their principle by negotiating, instead of 
resisting. 

10. In the session which followed, a resolu- 
tion to the same effect was adopted, but not 
yet executed. The trade of the colonies was 



Questions. — 7. Effect upon motlier country? 8. What contro- 
versy now arose? 9, Wliat steps did the English government 
take ? 10. What is said in this section ? 



106 HisTOKY OF Maryland. 

interfered with, and injured. But all this, 
instead of arousing the spirit of compromise, 
had the contrary effect. They saw the design 
was to deprive them of their liberties and 
make them mere subjects of the British Par- 
liament. 



CHAPTER XX. 



Stamp Act — Stamp Act Tmjwsed — Maryland Assembly 
Prorogued- No Stamps in Maryland — Protest of As- 
sembly — Treatment of Hood — Acts of Assetnbly — 
Frederick County Court — '■'■ Sons of Liberty — " Repeal 
of Stamp Act. 

1. On the 22d of March, 1765, the Stamp 
Act was finally imposed. The interval be- 
tween its first proposal and final passage had 
enabled the people to gather their energies 
for universal resistance. 

2. In open manifestation Massachusetts and 
Virginia took the lead, but the silence of 
Maryland was not the result of lukewarm- 
ness. Her assembly was disabled from declar- 
ing its hostility to the measure, as its meeting 
was prevented by prorogation. 



Questions.— \. When was the stamp act imposed ? 2. Why could 
not Maryland declare her hostility? 



Stamp Act. 107 

3. It is the proud boast of Maryland that 
her soil was never polluted by the obnoxious 
stamps. In unanimity, firmness and success, 
she exceeded all the other colonies. The 
Assembly could not speak until September, 
1765, when it solemnly protested against the 
measure, and indignantly complained that 
they had for two years been deprived of the 
power of publicly declaring their lasting 
opposition. 

4. The people of the colony, however, had 
previously taken the matter in their own 
hands. Hood, a native of Maryland, was ap- 
pointed stamp distributor for the province. 
On his arrival at Annapolis with the stamps, 
there was a great excitement. The people 
would not sufter him to land ; the vessel was 
compelled to draw off and land Hood secretly, 
at another time and place. The country peo- 
ple gathered into the city, prepared to show 
their detestation of the man who could con- 
sent to become the instrument in enslaving 
his own country. 

5. The people not only refused to buy his 
goods, which he offered at reduced prices, to 



Questions. — 3. What is the boast of Maryland? When did the 
assembly protest? 4. How had the colony shewn its hostility? 
5. What was Hood compelled to do ? 



108 History of Maryland. 

secure their favor, but they even destroyed 
the house in which he was to place them, lest 
it should also be a depository for the hated 
stamps. Having insulted him in various 
ways, they at length threatened personal vio- 
lence. He fled for refuge to the governor, 
who could not protect him from popular fury. 
He then escaped to New York, but was fol- 
lowed even there by a number of daring 
spirits, who compelled him to renounce and 
abjure forever, under oath, his office and the 
exercise of its functions. 

6. When the Assembly met, it made a 
solemn declaration of their rights, which had 
thus been vindicated by the people, by mea- 
sures, in which the principal men in the pro- 
vince had borne a part. They appointed repre- 
sentatives to the " Congress of Deputies," and 
instructed them to see that whatever petition 
was presented to the English government, it 
should contain an assertion of the right or 
the colonies to be free from taxation "save 
by their own consent, or that of their repre- 
sentatives, freely chosen and appointed." 

7. The law had made stamps necessary in 
many business transactions ; for a time, there- 



Qiiestions.—a. What did the assembly do? 7. What court made 
the first decision? 



Frederick County Court. 109 

fore, there was a cessation of business. The 
Frederick county court had the high honor 
of first deciding, in a legal manner, the uncon- 
stitutionality of the stamp act. In the public 
offices at Annapolis, however, business still 
continued to be interrupted. The officers 
hesitated to treat the law as a nullity, and 
feared to attempt its enforcement. 

8. To meet this difficulty the inhabitants 
of Baltimore and the adjoining country formed 
themselves into an association, called "The 
Sons of Liberty," and adjourned to meet at 
Annapolis. They came together in great 
strength and compelled the courts and public 
offices to be kept open, without the stamps. 
Business was again renewed, and the stamp 
act, though still unrepealed, was a dead letter 
in Maryland. 

9. In 1766, the obnoxious act, long since 
dead in all the colonies, and never enforced 
in Maryland, was repealed. The House of 
Delegates did not fail to express their sense 
of gratitude to those who had, in the British 
Parliament, proved themselves the friends of 
the colonies. They decreed a statue of mar- 



Questio7is.—8. What did the people of Baltimore and the country 
do? 9. AVhen was the stamp act repealed? How did the House 
of Delegates shew their gratitude to the friends of the colonies ? 

10 



110 History of Maryland. 

ble to Chatham, and a portrait by some emi- 
nent hand to Lord Camden, but through the 
action of the upper house, the decree was 
never carried into effect. 



CHAPTER XXL 



The Duty on Tea — Tax on Tea, ^c. — Massachusetts' 
Ch^cuLa.r — Non- Importation^ — The '■^Good Inienf" — 
Alarm of the British Ministry — Defection of other 
Colonies. 

1. The English government still clung to 
the idea of i-aising a revenue from the colo- 
nies. But they determined to proceed in a 
more cautious manner. A tax, under the 
specious pretence of regulating commerce, 
was laid on tea, paints, glass and paper, im- 
ported into the colonies. 

2. The old spirit of resistance broke out, 
the press teemed with appeals to the public ; 
and the colonists were soon prepared to meet 
it, as they had met the stamp tax. The legis- 
lature did not assemble until the 24th of May, 
1768, but public opinion had already settled 



Questions.— 1. How did the English government now proceed? 
2. What is said of the press ? Instructions to governors ? 



KoN -Importation. Ill 

their course. Instructions had been received 
by the various governors to dissolve the as- 
semblies of their provinces, if they manifested 
any disposition to unite in measures of oppo- 
sition. 

3. But the assembly of Maryland was too 
wary to be thus circumvented. They prepar- 
ed their measures in advance. Massachusetts 
had issued a circular advising the sister colo- 
nies to frame petitions to the crown. The 
assembly took into consideration the Massa- 
chusetts circular, and appointed a committee 
to draft a petition to the king. 

4. The governor warned them that they 
would be prorogued if they persisted. With- 
out reply or delay, they instantly adopted the 
petition, passed a series of resolutions, which 
they had already framed ; and, having taken 
every step the occasion demanded, drew up a 
sharp reply to the governor, stating their 
readiness to be prorogued. They were ac- 
cordingly dissolved. 

6. The colonists were not yet prepared for 
an appeal to arms. Having tried petition and 
remonstrances they determined to resort once 



Questions.— 3. What had the assembly of Maryland done? 
4. What further took place? 5. To what did the colonies now 
resort? 



112 History of Maryland. 

more to " non-importation " whicli had been 
introduced in the days of the stamp act. 

6. At an early period of the struggle, 
county associations had been formed in Mary- 
land. For the purpose of united action it 
was now deemed expedient to embody them 
together. On the 20th of June, 1769, the 
people assembled at Annapolis, and entered 
into articles of non-importation of British su- 
perfluities, for promoting frugality, economy 
and the use of American manufacture. 

7. In the beginning of the ensuing year, 
the spirit of the associators was put to the 
test. "The Good Intent," a British bark 
arrived in the harbor of Annapolis, with a 
cargo of obnoxious articles. It was resolved 
that the goods should not be landed, and the 
bark was compelled to return to London with 
her whole cargo. 

8. Long before the destruction of tea in 
Boston harbor by disguised men, the patriots 
of Maryland, calmly, openly and in the pre- 
sence of the governor and the provincial 
officers, discussed and set at defiance this 
obnoxious act, and more effectually, though 
more peacefully, prevented its execution. 



Questions.— G. What is said of county associations? Of the 
ineeiing at Annapolis? 7. What test of their determinations did 
they now have? 8. What is said in this section ? 



Pay of Public Officers. 113 

9. The British merchants sent no more 
prohibited goods to Maryland ; and the min- 
istry, alarmed at the opposition, promised the 
repeal of the duty on all articles except tea. 
While Maryland stood firm the other colonies 
began to give way. New York deserted the 
association; Philadelphia followed. Several 
merchants of Baltimore requested the asso- 
ciators to consider the matter. Delegates 
from all the counties met at Annapolis, but 
far from yielding their consent, they de- 
nounced both the proposition and i^ts authors. 
At last, Boston gave up the system. Maryland 
never abandoned its pledge. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

The Proclamation and the Vestry Act — Pay of 
Public Officers — Tithes — Expiration of the Law — Pi^o- 
clomation — Party Sjnrit — Dulany and Carroll. 

1. The public officers did not receive regu- 
lar salaries, but were paid by fees given for 
each service performed. The profits of some 
officers became enormous, and the people 
became restless under these exactions. 



Questions.—':). What did the ministry promise ? What is said of 
Maryland? Did Boston yield ? Did Maryland? 1. What is said 
of the pay of public officers ? 

10* 



114 History of Maryland. 

2. There was also another burden. The 
clergy of the Church of England, which had 
been established by law, were supported by 
tithes, or taxes. The rate was, at first, forty 
pounds of tobacco a head, afterwards, thirty 
pounds. As the population increased, the. 
income of the parishes became enormous. 

3. In the spirit of opposition to unjust 
burdens, these too did not escape. The legis- 
lature endeavored to diminish the amount of 
the fees, and obtain other reforms. The 
House of Delegates, having ordered the arrest 
of a clerk for taking illegal fees, was pro- 
rogued by the governor. 

4. The law that gave the clergy thirty 
pounds of tobacco a head, instead of forty, 
having expired, they claimed that the old 
law was in force, and the governor issued a 
proclamation fixing the old rates of fees. 

5. The intolerant spirit which had cheer- 
fully sustained the tax for the support of the 
clergy, as a weapon of oftence against non-con- 
formists, was now passing away. The clergy 
moreover being appointed by the governor, 
their sympathies, therefore, as well as their 



Questiom. — 2. What other burden? 3. What did the legislature 
endeavor to do? 4. What law expired? What did the clergy 
claim? What proclamatiou ? 6. What is said in this section? 



Daniel Dulany. 115 

interests, were likely to be with the governor 
and his party, who were the representatives 
of arbitrary power. 

6. The people, therefore, were generally 
opposed to the clergy, and as they never 
would submit to the exercise of arbitrary 
power, the proclamation at once roused up 
all the fire of " The Sons of Liberty." 

7. Parties were immediately formed. The 
governor, officials, and their adherents, formed 
one party ; the body of the people, headed 
by the lawyers, the other. Great excitement 
prevailed, public opinion was appealed to in 
every mode. 

8. Prominent among the disputants Avere 
the leaders of the two parties. That of the 
party of privilege, was Daniel Dulany, at that 
time the most eminent lawyer in the prov- 
ince, who also had done the people good 
service in the days of the stamp act, but who 
now formed an exception to his class, which 
was all with the people. He held the most 
lucrative offipe, and resisted every attempt to 
infringe upon the profits of place. The leader 
of the popular party was a young man, spi- 
rited, wealthy, and highly educated, one of 



Questions. — 6. What was the effect of the proclamation? 7. What 
parties were formed ? 8. Who were, the leaders ? 



116 History of Maryland. 

the brightest in the galaxy of bright names 
that have shed lustre upon the history of 
Maryland — Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

Charles Carroll of Carrollton — Birth and Educa- 
tion — Return to Maryland — First entrance into Public 
Life — ^^ First Citizen^' — Dulany — Triumph of Carroll. 

1. This eminent man was descended' from 
a family which had settled in the province 
before the revolution of 1689. He was born 
at Annapolis in 1737, and at eight years of 
age was sent to France to be educated. 

2. At the age of twenty he commenced the 
study of law, in London. He returned to 
Maryland in 1764, just in time to enter into 
the strife, which his countrymen were waging 
against tyranny. As he was a Roman Cath- 
olic, he was numbered among the disfran- 
chised. But this personal injustice, while it 
excluded him from the councils, did not pre- 
vent him from sympathising in the wrongs of 
his people. 

Questions.— 1. Birth and education? 2. Why disfranchised ? 



Charles Carroll. 117 

3. His first entrance into the conflict was his 
opposition to the stamp act, and the taxation 
of commerce. But now he had to deal with 
a powerful and skilful adversary. Mr. Du- 
lany was his equal in education, his superior 
in age, experience and reputation ; in fine, 
with all the odds in his favor. 

4. Trusting, however, in the justice of his 
cause and the integrity of his purpose, Car- 
roll did not hesitate to enter into the contest. 
The dispute was carried on under the names 
of ^' First Citizen^^ and ^^Antilon,^^ Carroll adopt- 
ing the first name. 

5. The way by which he came to adopt this 
singular title was as follows: Dalany had 
written a dialogue, as if held by two citizens, 
and, instead of giving them names, he called 
them "First Citizen" and "Second Citizen." 
He so managed this supposed discussion that 
the "First Citizen," who was meant to repre- 
sent the party opposed to the proclamation, 
was defeated in the argument. Carroll as- 
sumed the name of the "First Citizen," and 
carried on the dialogue with more justice to 
the side represented by that character. 



Questions.— 3. What was his first entrance into the conflict? 
Who was his opponent? 4. What name did he adopt? 5. How 
came he to adopt it? 



118 History of Maryland. 

6. Dulany found a foeman worthy of his 
steel, and the man of straw which he had 
made proved a giant in his path. Though 
attacked with invective, and taunted with 
that, which if not his glory was their shame — 
"that he was a disfranchised man, and could 
not even vote at an election," — Carroll calmly 
fought the fight of liberty, and triumphed. 

7. He triumphed with the people ; he lived 
to see them free, and great, and prosperous. 
He was the last survivor of the noble band of 
patriots who signed the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and when he died, in the ninety- 
sixth year of his age, the tears not only of 
Maryland, but of the American people flowed 
for him. 

8. The election that took place in the midst 
of all this excitement, resulted in the complete 
success of the popular party. The people 
acknowledged their gratitude to their able 
champion. They could not select him as 
their delegate, for though the champion of 
their liberty, he was himself enthralled. But, 
in accordance with instructions given by the 
people in public meetings held in Frederick, 



Questionis.—6. Who was his opponent? 7. What is said of his 
triumph? 8. Wliat party succeeded at the election? How did 
the people shew their gratitude to Carroll? 



Tax, the Badge of Servitude. 119 

Baltimore and Annapolis, the delegates pre- 
sented the thanks of the people to "The 
First Citizen." 



CHAPTER XXIY. 

1773-4 — Revival of the Tax on Tea — Tax, the Badge 
of Servitude — The right to Tax, not the Amount, the 
matter of Dispute — Convention — Aid to Boston — Burn- 
ing of the Tea at Annapolis — Characteristics of this Act. 

1. During all these excitements, the colony 
had been free from the difficulties with the 
mother country, which so agitated the North- 
ern colonies. From the nature of the Pro- 
prietary government, the crown could not 
exercise any control over the affairs of the 
province ; it was therefore free from many of 
the dissensions arising under the royal gov- 
ernments. 

2. But Maryland was not less ready to 
contend, when a principle was at stake. The 
tax on tea had not yet been repealed, but the 
hati'ed to it, for it was the badge of servitude, 
kept the people faithful to their pledge that 
they would not use the article. 



Questions.— I. From what had the colony been free? Why? 
2. What is said of the tax on tea? 



120 History of Maryland. 

3. Great quantities of tea, therefore, accu- 
mulated in the store-houses of the East India 
Company, and their business was interfered 
with. The English government offered the 
company to pay them back the duty on all 
tea which they exported to the colonies. 
This would enable the company to sell the 
tea as cheap in the colonies, with the tax 
added, as they sold it in England ; and at the 
same time the government would not be 
giving up their right to impose the tax. 

4. But it was about the right to impose the 
tax, and not the price of tea, that colonists 
were contending, and they were too shrewd 
to be deceived. The duty on tea was the 
badge of English supremacy and they never 
consented to wear it ; they knew too, that the 
most successful resistance is that which is 
prompt, and they acted accordingly. 

5. Public meetings were held, and resolu- 
tions adopted to prevent the landing of the 
tea. In Charleston, it was landed, but never 
exposed for sale ; the vessels containing it, 
that arrived in New York and Philadelphia, 
were compelled to return. In Boston, the 



Questions.— 3. What did the English government propose? 4. Why 
did not the colonies accede? 5. What was done to the tea in dif- 
ferent places ? 



Maryland Convention. 121 

tea was thrown overboard by persons dis- 
guised as Indians. 

6. The people of Maryland called for a con- 
vention. This body proposed an absolute 
cessation of all intercourse with the mother 
country, and directed subscriptions to be 
made for the relief of the Bostonians, who 
were sufferinsr the vensreance of the thwarted 
and enraged government. This was the 
second time Massachusetts had experienced 
the generosity of Maryland. The first, was 
on the occasion of a disastrous fire in Boston, 
when the governor of Maryland ordered col- 
lections to be made in all the churches, for 
the relief of the sufferers. And it was done. 

7. Every child is familiar with what is 
called " the tea party of Boston," but an affair 
equalling it in every respect was transacted 
at Annapolis, namely, the tea-burning — open 
and undisguised^ shewing the high toned and 
manl}^ trait that has always characterized a 
true Marylander — a willingness to assume 
the responsibility for all he does, and to 
abide the consequences. 



Questions.— &. What did the people of Maryland do? What 
assistance did they render Massachusetts? 7. What is said in 
this section? 



11 



122 History of Maryland. 

8. In August, 1774, the brigantine "Mary 
and Jane," arrived in the St. Mary's river, 
with tea on board for merchants in George- 
town and Bladensburg. The committee of 
Charles county summoned the master, and 
one of the consignees to appear before them. 
But as the tax had not been paid, they were 
discharged- upon their pledge that the tea 
should not be landed, but sent back to Eng- 
land. The committee of Frederick county 
pursued a similar course with the consignees 
at Georgetown. 

9. On the 14th of October, the brig Peggy 
Stewart, arrived at Annapolis, having in its 
cargo a few packages of tea. The duty was 
paid by the owner of the vessel. The people 
were outraged at the attempt to fix upon 
them the badge of servitude, by the payment 
of the tax. 

10. A meeting was held, at which it was 
determined that the tea should not be landed. 
The owner, fearing further trouble proposed 
to destroy the tea. But that was not sufficient 
punishment. The offence was a grave one, 
for had this attempt succeeded, it would have 



Questions.— 8. What vessel arrived with tea? What was done? 
9. What other vessel arrived? What had the owner done ? Feel- 
ings of the people? What was the payment of the tax regarded 
as? 10. What was determined? What did the owner propose? 



Burning of Tea. 123 

been followed by otbers more aggressive, and 
thus the very principle which was contended 
for, would have been overthrown in the end. 
It was the head of the ugly beast that was 
thrust in the door, and it must not only be put 
out, but driven out by blows, lest growing bold 
it should push its whole body in. 

11. After much discussion, it was proposed 
to burn the vessel. The meeting did not 
consent to this, but many expressed their 
determination to raise a force to accomplish 
the brig's destruction. 

12. Acting under the advice of Mr. Carroll 
of CarroUton, the owner seeing that the loss 
of his property was certain,- and willing to 
repair his good name, even by that loss, pro- 
posed to destroy the vessel with his own 
hands. In the presence of the assembled 
multitude, he set fire to it with the tea on 
board — expiating his offence by the destruc- 
tion of his property. 

13. The striking features of this transac- 
tion, were not only the boldness with which 
it was executed, but the deliberation and 
utter carelessness of concealment in all the 
measures leading to its accomplishment. 



Questions.— \\. What was proposed at the meeting? 12. What 
did the owner now propose? 13. What were the striking features 
of this act? 



124 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

The Last Proprietary — First Continental Congress — 
Aitach.ment of Maryland to the family of Baltimore — 
Extinction of the Family — Henry Harford — Condition 
of the Colony. 

1. The First Continental Congress met at 
Pliiladelphia, on 5th of September, 1774. It 
issued a manifesto settinsr forth the ris^hts 
and grievances of the colonies, and proposing 
the scheme of non-importation of British 
goods. 

2. On its adjournment, the Maryland Con- 
vention again assembled, and approved of 
the proceedings of the Congress; with the 
organization of this convention closed the 
power and dominion of the last Proprietary 
of Maryland. 

3. The people of Maryland had always 
loved and revered the family of the founder 
of the province. Under the government of 
his descendants, they had enjoyed a large 
liberty, and a constantly increasing pros- 
perity. They ever bore testimony to the 
kind and paternal rule of the proprietaries. 



Questions.— \. Meeting of Congress? What did it issue ? 2. Meet- 
ing of the Maryland Convention ? 3. What liad been the feelings 
toward tlie family of the founder of the colony? 



State of the Colony. 125 

4. It seemed as if Providence, when the 
great' struggle for independence was ap- 
proaching, severed the link, which might 
have so held them to their old allegiance, 
that they would have been less ardent in the 
common cause. 

5. In 1758, Frederick, last of the lords of 
Baltimore, became a widower. He had no 
children by his wife, and he never married 
again. He was in the same year charged 
with a criminal offence, of which he was 
acquitted, but it is known that he led a 
dissolute and degraded life. He died at the 
age of forty, in Italy, in 1771. 

6. He devised the province to his illegiti- 
mate son, Henry Harford, Esq. The title of 
Lord Baltimore could not descend to him, 
and thus the name of the founders of the 
colony passed from their descendants just as 
their rule over it was about to cease. The 
people of Maryland cared nothing for the 
man who was an alien in name, and of ille- 
gitimate birth. A Proprietary of this kind 
could only increase the discontent. 



Questions. — 5. What is said of Fredericli, last lord of Baltimore? 
Wlio was liis heir ? 

11^ 



126 History of Maryland. 

7. Henry Harford was the last Proprietary, 
and Eobert Eden was the last English Gov- 
ernor of Maryland. After the close of the 
war of the Eevolution, the late proprietary 
and his governor, returned together into the 
State. Eden died shortly after, near the City 
of Annapolis. 

8. A period of one hundred and forty years 
had passed since two hundred pilgrims, under 
Leonard Calvert, landed at the southern ex- 
tremity of the province. Their descendants 
had extended themselves to its northern boun- 
dary, covered its eastern shore with wealth 
and civilization, crossed the Blue Kidge, fill- 
ing its valleys with a bold and hardy popula- 
tion. Commerce was filling its bays and rivers 
with fleets; the forge and the furnace were 
already at work; in short, though hampered 
by the restrictive laws of England, the germs 
of her future prosperity were budding forth 
and giving promise of the greatness which 
this day sees realized. 

9. Thus stood the colony in the crisis 
which was approaching, with a people liberal 
in their sentiments, proud of their liberties, 
prepared to extend them, and ready to main- 
tain them with their blood. 



.—7. Who was the last proprietary ? Who the Uist Eng- 
lish governor ? 



Lords Proprietary — Governors. 127 



THE LORDS PROPRIETARY OF MARYLAND. 

1632— Ceciltus Calveut Second Lord Baltimore. 

1675 — Charles Calvert Third Lord Baltimore. 

1715 — Benedict Leonard Cai^vert... Fourth Lord Baltimore. 

1715 — Charles Calvert Fifth Lord Baltimore. 

1751 — Frederick Calvert, ...5'fa;^^ and last Lord Baltimore. 
1771-1776 — Henry Harford, 'Esq.. ..Last Proprietary. 



THE COLONIAL GOVERNORS. 

Proprietary Governors. 

1633 — Leonard Calvert. 

1647— Thomas Green. 

1649— William Stone. 

1654 — Commissioners under Parliament. 

1658 — JosiAH Fendall. 

1661 — Philip Calvert. 

1662 — Charles Calvert. 

1657 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 

1678— Thomas Notely. 

1681 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 

1685 — William Joseph, Pres. of Deputies. 

1689 — Convention op Protestant Association. 

Hoy al Governor s. 

1692 — Sir Lionel Copley. 
1693 — Sir Edmond Andros. 
1694 — Francis ISTicholson. 
1699 — Nathaniel Blackistone. 
1703 — Thomas Tench, Pres. 
1704 — John Leymour. 
1709 — Edward Lloyd, Pres. 
1714— John Hart. 



128 



HisTOBY OF Maryland. 



Proprietary Governors. 

1715 — John Hart. 

3 720 — Charles Calvert. 

1727 — Benedict Leonard Calvert. 

1732 — Samuel Ogle. 

1733 — Charles, Lord Baltimore. 

1735 — Samuel Ogle. 

1742— Thomas Bladen. 

1747— Samuel Ogle. 

1752 — Benjamin Tasker, Pres. 

1753 — Horatio Sharpe. 

1769 — Robert Eden. 



COLONIAL POPULATION OF MARYLAND. 



1634 about 200 

1660 12,000 

1665 16,000 

1671 20,000 

1701 30,000 



1715 50,200 

1748 130,000 

1756 • 154,188 

1776 about 200,000 



FORMATION OF COUNTIES UNDER COLO- 
NIAL GOVERNMENT. 



1633— St. Mary's. 

— Kent. 
1650 — Anne Arundel. 
1654 — Calvert. 
1658 — Charles. 
1659 — Baltimore. 
1661— Talbot. 
1666— Somerset. 
1669 — Dorchester, 



1674- Cecil. 
1695 — Prince George' 
1706 — Queen Anne's. 
1742— Worcester. 
1748- Frederick. 
1773 — Caroline. 
1773 — Harford. 
1776 — Washington. 
1776 — MoNTGOMERy. 



The Convention. 129 



Paet II. 



CHAPTER I. 



The Kevolution — Convention — Power of Public Senti- 
ment — Resolution of Maryland to stand by Massachu- 
setts — Neiv Yorli and Maryland — Washington appointed 
Commander-iyi-Cliief — Formation of Maryland Line — 
Riflemen — Want of Supplies. 

1. The convention called upon the people 
of Marj^land to bury all private animosities, 
all religious disputes, all memory of past 
persecution, and " in the name of God, their 
country and posterity, to unite in defence of 
the common rights and liberties." 

2. On the 8th of December, 1774, the con- 
vention again assembled to make prepara- 
tions for an armed resistance to the power of 
England. The old government still retained 
the form and machinery of power ; the new, 
without these, possessed an irresistible au- 
thority throughout the colony. The source 



Questions.— I. What did the convention call upon all to do? 
2. When did the convention again meet? For what purpose? 
What was the source of the power of the convention ? 



130 History of Maryland. 

of its power was not its legal form, but pub- 
lic sentiment. Eesting on this it needed not 
penalties and judicial tribunals, for the do- 
minion that has public sentiment for its 
throne is irresistible. 

3. All who refused to submit to the decrees 
of the convention were denounced by that 
body, and from that moment the offenders 
became the object of the withering scorn and 
contempt of their countrymen. And this has 
more terrors than the stake. 

4. Having provided for the exercise of 
their authority, the convention resolved that 
if the crown attempted to carry out by force 
the measures against Massachusetts, Maryland 
would assist her to the last extremity. They 
then ordered all males from sixteen to fifty 
years of age, to be enrolled and organized 
into companies ; to be armed, equipped, and 
drilled, ready for instant service. 

5. These resolves were immediately carried 
out ; old and young enrolled with the greatest 
enthusiasm. Maryland was girding herself 
for the struggle in which she won so glorious 
a name. The convention was to meet again 
on the 24th of April, 1775 ; on the 19th the 



Questions.— 3. What was done to those who refused to submit? 
4. What did the convention resolve to do ? 5. When was the 
convention to meet again ? What took place on the 19th ? 



Washington Nominated. 131 

struggle broke out into open conflict, and the 
first blood shed in the revolutionary war was 
at Lexington. The blow was struck and the 
American people sprung to arms for the de- 
fence of their liberties. 

6. Elsewhere, it was suggested by the timid 
that submission would ensure reconciliation. 
The city of New York was cold, but in Mary- 
land the people were long since prepared for 
the resort to arms. The Connecticut troops 
had to be placed within a short distance of 
New York to overawe the tory tendencies of 
many of the people. But subsequently, the 
Connecticut troops themselves were charged 
by Washington with deserting the cause of 
their country at the most critical moment. 
Their ill-timed yearning for home was bad 
enough ; but they not only took themselves 
ofty but the ammunition also, leaving none 
for the Maryland troops, whose fondness for 
home never overcame their sense of honor. 

7. After the battle of Bunker Hill, there 
was no more hesitation. Congress deter- 
mined, not only to defend the rights of the 
people, but to drive out the British troops. 



Questions.— G. What did the timid suggest? What is said of New 
York, and of Marj'land ? 7. What was the result of the battle of 
Bunker Hill ? What did Congress determine ? 



132 History of Maryland. 

Boston was ordered to be invested. Thomas 
Johnson, of Maryland, had the honor of 
nominating General Washington, as Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Amej'ican forces. The 
election was by ballot, and was unanimous 
Washington's modesty in accepting this im 
portant trust, was equalled only by the confi 
dence the country reposed in his abilities 
and was the surest evidence of his fitness 

8. Although Johnson, of Maryland, nomi 
nated Washington, Adams, of Massachusetts 
claimed the honor of first bringing him for 
ward as the proper person for the emergency 
Hancock, of Massachusetts, who was pre 
siding, shewed evident marks of disapproba 
tion and resentment at Adams' honorable 
allusions to " a gentleman from Virginia 
for he did not mention Washington by name, 
New England was desirous of having one of 
her own men made commander-in-chief. 

9. On the 26th of July, the convention of 
Maryland again met, and their first step was 
to adopt the famous "Association of Freemen 
of Maryland." This became the written con- 



Qucstions.—7. Who nominated Gen'l Washington as commander- 
in-chief? 8. What is said of Hancock f Wliat did New England 
desire? 9. When did the convention again meet, and what was 
their first step? 



"Want of Supplies. 133 

stitution of the province until the new system 
was framed in 1776. 

10. They also set about the formation of a 
regular force, to be composed of a battalion, 
of which Col. Smallwood received the com- 
mand, and of seven independent companies, 
numbering in all 1444 men, besides two com- 
panies of artillery, and one of marines. 

11. By a resolution of Congress, two com- 
panies of riflemen were called for, from Mary- 
land. These companies were soon filled with 
the hardy pioneers of Western Maryland. 
Capt. Cresap's company numbered one hun- 
dred and thirty men, who were armed with 
tomahawks and rifles, were painted like In- 
dians, and were dressed in hunting shirts and 
moccasins. These men were ordered to march 
to the camp around Boston, being joined by 
like companies from Virginia and -Pennsyl- 
vania. 

12. The arrival of these stalwart fellows, 
such as Washington had known in his early 
campaigns — many of them upwards of six 
feet high, and of vigorous frame — in their 
fringed frocks and round hats, excited great 
wonder among the rustic visitors of the camp. 

Questions. — 10. What did they set about? 11. What is said of 
riflemen ? 12. What is said of their appearance in camp ? 

12 



134 History of Maryland. 

Their dash, their skill — they could hit a mark 
while advancing at quick step, at the distance 
of two hundred and fifty yards — their strik- 
ing costume, caused them to be looked upon 
with some jealousy by the plainer troops 
about them, who seemed to think that all 
valor, as well as virtue, was enclosed in the 
round jacket and trowsers of Marblehead, 
and it was well for the gaily clad sons of the 
South, that their behavior in battle was always 
equal to the expectation they excited. In the 
sharpest conflict of the war, it was they " who 
stemmed the current of the heady fight." 

13. The officers of these were Michael Cre- 
sap, Thomas Warren, Joseph Cresap, Jr., 
Kichard Davis, Thomas Price, Otho H. Wil- 
liams and John Eoss Key. 

14. Many were too impatient to endure 
the delay of organizing these troops, and 
hasteftied to join the camp before Boston, at 
their own expense. Among these was James 
Wilkinson, afterwards a Major-General in the 
United States service. 

15. The great difficulty to be contended 
against was the want of supplies. The 
arsenal at Annapolis, was almost empty. To 



Questions.— 12. What is said of their skill? 13. Who were their 
officers ? I'l. What did many do ? 15. Wliat was the great diffi- 
culty to be contended against? 



Dunmore's Plan. 135 

overcome these difficulties, the convention 
offered bounties and encouragement for the 
manufacture of such articles as were most 
needed — such as saltpetre, materials for 
clothes, and munitions of war. Powder mills 
were erected, and Mr. Hughes, of Frederick 
county, agreed to furnish the province with 
cannon. 



CHAPTER 11. 



Lord Dunmore — Plans of Lord Dunmore — Attempt to 
infiict a Servile War — Discovery of his Plans — Aid to 
Eastern Shore of Virginia — Batteries Erected near 
Baltimore—'^ The Otter" ~" The Defence " — State 
Navy — Gov. Eden — Civil Authority and Military Power 
— Eden Seyit to England — Militia Sent to the Coast — 
Flying Camp. 

1. As yet Maryland had not even been 
threatened with hostilities. But a period of 
real danger was approaching. This arose 
from the attempts of Lord Dunmore, the late 
royal governor of Virginia. It was his plan 
to raise an army in the western parts, and cut 
off all communication between the northern 



Question?:. — 15. How did the convention overcome these difTicul- 
ties? 1. What danger now threatened Maryland? What was Dun- 
more's plan ? 



136 History of Maryland. 

and southern provinces. The tories and In- 
dians were to be enrolled, an army to be 
formed with artillery gathered np from the 
line of fortresses on the north and west, and 
this army was to cut its way to Alexandria, 
where Dunmore would join it, bringing with 
him servants and negroes, and others belong- 
ing to rebels — in the words of Washington 
Irving — to inflict upon Virginia, the horrors 
of a servile war. This kind of war, thought 
by this northern writer, in 1855, so unworthy 
of civilization, was adopted, not by the Brit- 
ish, in 1775, but by the Americans themselves 
before 1865. 

2. His plans, however, were discovered by 
the arrest of one of his agents, in Frederick 
county. While endeavoring to organize a 
force in the west, Dunmore was actively en- 
gaged in scattering the seeds of disaffection 
on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. He suc- 
ceeded in raising several companies of men 
pledged to support the royal cause, if arms 
and ammunition should be furnished them. 
But this conspiracy was crushed out by the 
committee of safety of the Eastern Shore. 



Questions. — 2. How wore his plans discovered? What was Dun- 
more doing on the Eastern Shore? What success had he ? 



Batteries. 137 

3. Two companies of militia from Kent 
and Queen Anne's, under Captains Kent and 
Henry, marched to Northampton county, on 
the Eastern Shore of Virginia, to repel the 
invasion of that section. They remained 
there long after their term had expired, 
rather than leave their neighbors unpro- 
tected. 

4. To prevent the harbors of Maryland 
from being bombarded by Dunmore, batteries 
were erected near Baltimore and Annapolis, 
and several merchant vessels were manned 
and armed as vessels of war. The basin at 
Baltimore was also obstructed by three heavy 
chains of wrought iron stretched across its 
mouth, and by vessels sunk in the channel. 
The public records were removed from An- 
napolis to Upper Marlborough. 

5. Early in March, 1766, the Otter, a British 
sloop of war, with two tenders, captured 
several small vessels in the Chesapeake bay. 
She anchored a few miles below Baltimore, 
with the intention of destroying the State 
Ship Defence, then nearly completed, in that 
harbor. Captain Nicholson, who commanded 



Questions.— 3. How was the Eastern Shore of Virginia protected ? 
4. What was done to the harbors in the baj' ? What at Baltimore ? 
At Annapolis? 5. What British vessel threatened Baltimore? 
What was her design? 

12* 



138 History of Maryland. 

tlie Defence, hastily prepared his vessel, with 
the intention of recapturing the prizes. Ac- 
com<panied by several smaller vessels, on a 
hazy morning he bore down upon the Otter. 
The British were completely surprised ; the 
tenders escaped with difficulty, and all the 
prizes were retaken. 

6. The Otter bore away for Annapolis, but 
finding this place fortified, she dropped down 
the bay without having won either booty or 
success. The militia followed her down the 
bay shores as fast as possible, and succeeded 
in preventing her from capturing a prize that 
was almost within her grasp. 

7. On the 5th of June, the gallant Nichol- 
son received a commission in the new Con- 
tinental Navy, and took command of the 
frigate Virginia. Many other Marylanders 
entered into the service, among whom none 
were more distinguished than Captain Wil- 
liam Halleck, and Joshua Barney. 

8. Mr. Eden, the last English governor, 
still remained in the province; although the 
real supremacy was in the hands of the 
convention. His politic course, his want of 
power to hurt, and his personal popularity 



Questions.— 5. \Y hat did Capt, Nicholson do? 6. Where did the 
otter now go? What did the militia do? 7. What is said of Nich- 
olson, and other officers? 8. What is said of Mr. Eden? 



Governor Eden. 139 

preserved him from the exile, which had been 
the fate of other provincial governors. But 
letters to him from the English ministry, 
commanding him to hold himself ready to 
assist the crown, having been intercepted, it 
was no longer deemed prudent to permit 
him to remain. 

9. He was arrested by the military. The 
committee of safety of Maryland, who were 
the civil authority, immediately resented this 
usurpation of their prerogative; they sum- 
moned the officer, reprimanded him, and 
ordered him to return to his post. The peo- 
ple of Maryland were not disposed to submit 
to the military dogma inter arma leges silent* 
Military men, whose business is violence, are 
apt to confound physical power with legal 
and moral right. For that reason a republi- 
can people are always jealous of military rule, 
and keep it subordinate to civil authority. 
The military is the servant of the civil power, 
and when the master yields to the servant, 
liberty is gone, and tyranny is the result. 

* In the din of arms, the laws are silent. 



:.— 8. Why was it thought prudent that he should not 
remain? 9. By whom was he arrested? What did the civil 
authority do ? What is said of military men ? What is the office 
of the military ? 



140 History of Maryland. 

10. The committee of safety, however, con- 
sidered the presence of Eden dangerous, and 
gave him notice to depart, v/hich he did, on 
board the "Fowey," dispatched by Lord Dun- 
more to receive him. 

11. Dunmore was threatening Maryland 
with his vengeance, and the militia was or- 
dered to the coast to cut off his communica- 
tion with the disaffected. At the same time 
the convention set about organizing the fly- 
ing camp, called for by congress. The quota 
to be furnished was three thousand four hun- 
dred and five men. 



CHAPTER III. 



Declaration of Independence — Vain Hopes of Set- 
tlement — Rebels or Freemen — Order issued hy the Con- 
vention of Maryland — Charles Carroll of CarroUion — 
State Government — Disposition of Troops. 

1. For a long time the people of America 
hoped and thought they could obtain their 
rights without severing their allegiance to the 
mother country. But the course of England 



Questions.— \0. What was done with Eden ? 11. What was Dun- 
more threatening? Where were the militia ordered? What camp 
did the convention organize? 1. What did the people for a long 
time hope ? 



Declaration of Independence. 141 

in pouring troops into the country to con- 
quer, rather than conciliate, aroused the spirit 
of hostility, and taught them that they had 
not only to resist encroachments upon their 
rights, but that they must advance to the 
position of independence. They must be 
either subdued rebels or triumphant freemen. 
Their victories during the last year convinced 
them that they had a reasonable hope for the 
latter. Maryland was in full sympathy with 
these feelings. 

2. On the 28th of May, 1776, the conven- 
tion of Maryland unanimously ordered that 
the deleo'ates should unite on behalf of the 
province in declaring the colonies free and 
independent, reserving to the State, however, 
complete internal sovereignty. 

3. Charles Carroll was chiefly instrumental 
in obtaining the passage of this act. He was 
on the 4th of July, together with Matthew 
Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, Jr., William 
Paca, Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, and 
Kobert Alexander, chosen delegate to Con- 
gress. 



Questions.— 1, What raised the spirit of hostility? What did 
they learn? 2. Wliat did the Maryland convention order? 3. Who 
was chiefly instrumental in this? When was he chosen delegate 
tocongi'ess? Who else were chosen? 



142 History of Maryland. 

4. On the 2d of July, the -Declaration of 
Independence had been prepared, and was in- 
troduced. On the 4th, it was adopted and 
signed by the delegates in congress assem- 
bled. Carroll, having been chosen delegate 
after its passage, might have avoided the sig- 
nature which would have been the evidence 
of his treason, had America failed. As it 
was said there were several Charles Carrolls, 
and that he could not be identified, he imme- 
diately added " of Carrol ton," the name Qf his 
estate, having none of the timid apprehensions 
that were probably lurking in the bosoms of 
those who hinted at his fortunate chances for 
escape. 

5. This step having been taken, it was 
necessary to frame a permanent government 
for the new State. The convention ordered 
an election of delegates to assemble and form 
a constitution. Then having confided the 
supreme power in the hands of the commit- 
tee of safety, it adjourned. One of its last 
acts was to place the state troops at the dis- 
posal of congress. The battalion under Col. 



Questions. — 1. On what day was the. Declaration of Independence 
adopted? What took place when Carroll signed it? 5. What 
steps were taken to form a new state government? What did the 
convention do about the state troops? 



I 



Smallwood's Battalion. 143 

Smallwood, and the independent companies 
in the counties, attached to his command 
were ordered to Philadelphia, to be mar- 
shalled at once into the national service. 



CHAPTER lY. 



The Maryland Troops at the Battle of Long 
Island — Coyidition of the American A?^my — Landing 
of the BriiisJi — The Macaronis — The Battle — Teri'ible 
charge of the Mary landers — Loss of Mary landers. 

1. It was at a dark hoar, that the Mary- 
land line was destined to enter the field. — 
The British general's forces amounted to 
80,000 men, while the American were only 
17,000, and nearly one-fifth of these were 
sick and unfit for duty. 

2. On the 10th of July, six companies 
under Smallwood himself, from Annapolis, 
and three from Baltimore, embarked for the 
head of Elk river, whence they marched to 
New York, and were incorporated in Lord 
Sterling's brigade. They were well appointed 
and organized, composed of young and spir- 



Questions.—o. Where were they ordered? 1. What was the num- 
ber of troops of the British ? Of the Americans ? 2, What is said 
of Smallwood's battalion ? 



144 History of Maryland. 

ited men, who had already acquired the skill 
and precision of drilled soldiers. "There was 
none by whom an unofficer-like appearance 
and deportment could be tolerated less than 
by a Marylander, who, at this time v/as dis- 
tinguished by the most fashionable cut coat, 
the most Macaroni cocked hat, and hottest 
blood in the Union." 

8. Arriving at a time when the army was 
lamentably deficient in discipline, they imme- 
diately won the confidence of the commander- 
in-chief ; and, from the moment of their arri- 
val were thrown upon the advanced posts, 
and disposed as covering parties. 

4. The four independent companies re- 
maining in Maryland, were ordered to join 
Col. Smallwood, as was also the flying camp, 
now rapidly organizing. 

5. From the 21st of August to the 27th, 
the British were landing their troops on Long 
Island. On the 20th, the Maryland troops 
were ordered over to the scene of the ap- 
proaching conflict. Putnam, who was in 
command of the American forces, having 
been out-manoeuvred hj the British general, 



(Questions. — 2. What of their appearance? 3. What of their arri- 
val? 4. What is said of the independent companies? 5. When 
did the British land their troops? What did Putnam order? 



Smallwood's Battalion. 145 

ordered Sterling, with two regiments, to hold 
the enemy in check. One of these regiments 
was Smallwood's battalion — the Macaronis in 
scarlet and buff. They turned out with great 
alacrity, and placed themselves along a ridge, 
having Col. Atlee with Pennsylvania troops 
in ambush in advance. 

6. As the British came up, the Pennsylva- 
nians gave them two or three vollej^s and 
then retreated, and formed on Sterling's left. 
For several hours a severe cannonading was 
kept up on both sides, but no general en- 
gagement was sought by either party. Ster- 
ling's object was to keep the enemy in check. 
The instructions of the British general. Grant, 
were, not to press an attack until aware that 
Sir Henry Clinton was on the left flank of 
the Americans. 

7. At length the left wing of the Ameri- 
cans having been turned by Clinton, and the 
centre broken, the situation of Sterling be- 
came dangerous in the extreme. Washing- 
ton, who had come on the field during the 
battle, saw the danger to which the brave 



Questions.— b. What is said of Smallwood's battalion? 6. What 
did the Pennsylvanians do? What was Sterling's object? What 
were the British General's instructions? 7. What is said of the 
situation of Sterling ? What did Washington see ? 

13 



146 History of Maryland. 

fellows under Sterling were exposed, though 
thej could not. He saw the enemy's reserve, 
under Cornwallis, marching down by a cross 
road to get in the rear, and thus place them 
between two files; and with breathless anxiety 
he watched the result. 

8. The sound of Clinton's cannon apprised 
Sterling that the enemy was between him 
and the lines. Grant, too, who had held back 
all the morning, was closing up. In the rear 
lay an extensive marsh traversed by a deep 
and dangerous creek, eighty yards wide at its 
mouth. 

9. Leaving part of his men to face Grant, 
he selected four hundred of the Maryland 
battalion, and, ordering the rest of the troops 
to make the best of their way to the creek, 
marched to meet Cornwallis' brigade. Wash- 
ington and others, who watched every move- 
ment, had supposed that Sterling and his 
troops would surrender in a body, but as the 
Marylanders, with fixed bayonet rushed to 
the charge upon the overwhelming force 
opposed to them, Washington wrung his 
hands, exclaiming: "Good God! w^hat brave 
fellows I must this day lose." 



Questions.— S. What first apprised Sterling of his danger ? 9. How 
did he meet the danger? What did Washington suppose ? What 
did he exclaim? • 



Game Spirit of the Macaronis. 147 

10. It was indeed a desperate fight. And 
now Smallwood's Macaronis showed their game 
spirit. Five times this little band charged 
upon the powerful forces of Cornwallis ; five 
times they were driven back to gather new 
energies for a fiercer assault. Under the sixth, 
the heavy column of the British reeled and 
began to give way. 

11. At the moment victory was in their 
grasp, Grant's brigade assailed them in the 
rear, and the Hessians came to the aid of 
Cornwallis in front. Already outnumbered 
more than ten to one, with their ranks thinned 
by the terrific slaughter, and worn down by 
long fighting, these devoted men could no 
longer make head against their foes. 

12. Three companies cut their way through 
the crowded ranks of the enemy and main- 
tained their order until they reached the 
marsh, where from the nature of the ground 
they broke and escaped as quickly as possi- 
ble to the creek. This desperate conflict gave 
time to the remainder to make good their re- 
treat across the marsh. They swam the water, 
bringing with them twenty-eight prisoners, 
and their tattered standard. 



Questions.— 10. What is said in this section ? 11. What prevented 
the victory? 12. Did they surrender? What was the effect of 
this desperate fight? 



148 History of Maryland. 

13. The loss of the Maryland troops in this 
deadly struggle was murderous. From sun- 
rise, until the last gun was in the field, they 
were hotly engaged, and when the rest of the 
army had been routed, or had fled, maintained 
the battle unaided, against two brigades of the 
enemy. Nearly half of their force was an- 
nihilated. Their loss in killed and wounded 
was 256, officers and men. To this day, the 
people of Long Island 'point out to strangers 
the spot, where half of the Maryland battalion 
stemmed the advance of the whole left wing of 
the British army, when no other troops were 
left upon the field, and where the best blood 
of the State was poured out like water. 



Questions.— l^. What is said of the loss of the Maryland troops? 
How long were they engaged ? What do the people of Long 
Island still do? 



The Eetreat. 149 



CHAPTER ~V. 

Maryland Troops in the Retreat— Ma7-?/Zawrf Troops 
in the Advance Posts— Crossing the Ferry — Attempt to 
Surround the Americans— Disgraceful Retreat of the 
Connecticut Militia — Maryland Line Cover the Retreat 
— Battle at HaHem— Battle at White Plains— Attack 
on Fort Washington — Destruction of the Enemy's 
Troops hy the Maryland and Virginia Rifles. 

1. It having been found necessary to retreat 
from Long Island, it was determined to do so 
before the ferry should be occupied by the 
enemy. This masterly movement was eSected 
on the 29th of August. 

2. Although the Maryland troops had en- 
joyed but one day's rest since their bloody 
conflict, they were ordered on duty at the 
advanced post of Fort Putnam, within two 
hundred and fifty yards of the enemy's line, 
and, with two Pennsylvania regiments on the 
left, were to protect the retreat of the army. 

3. Under cover of a foggy night and morn- 
ing, the movement was happily effected, in 
spite of the disorder of the eastern troops; 
and it was not discovered by the enemy until 



Questions. — 1. Why was it necessary to be prompt in the retreat ? 
When was the retreat effected? 2. Where were tlie Maryland 
troops ordered ? 3. How was the retreat effected? 

13* 



150 History op Maryland. 

the last detacliment of Marylanders and Penn- 
sylvanians was half way across the river and 
out of reach. 

4. The British now attempted to surround 
the Americans on New York Island, and, it 
being found impossible to defend the city, in 
the disorganized condition of the troops, 
Washington resolved that the army should 
be withdrawn into the lines below Fort 
Washington. On the 15th of September, the 
enemy effected a landing without opposition, 
in the face of two brigades of Connecticut 
militia, who fled disgracefully at the fire from 
sixty of the British infantry. 

5. Disgusted with such cowardice, General 
Washington immediately sent an express for 
the Maryland regiment, drew it from its 
brigade, and ordered it down towards New 
York, to cover the retreat of the army. He 
knew well he could rely upon its maintaining 
its position against all odds. 

6. Smallwood posted his regiment, and 
they remained under arms the best part of 
the day until the last troops had passed. 
Having maintained his position as long as it 



Questions. — 4. What did the British now attempt? What did 
Washington resolve? When did the enemy effect a hinding? 
What is said of the Connecticut militia? 5. What did Washington 
do? 6. What did Smallwood do? 



The Ketreat. 151 

was necessary, and having received notice to 
retreat, he retired in good or(ier,i and reached 
the lines about dusk. 

7. On the next day, a body of three hun- 
dred British appeared in the plains below the 
American position. Having been attacked, 
and receiving a reinforcement of seven hun- 
dred men. Gen. Washington ordered up Major 
Price, with three of the Maryland independ- 
ent companies, and Colonels Eichardson's and 
Griffith's regiments of the Maryland flying 
camp. These troops attacked the enemy 
with the bayonet and drove them from their 
position. 

8. In the battle at White Plains, the militia 
having taken to flight, and the artillery hav- 
ing retired in confusion, Smallwood's Mary- 
land regiment was immediately advanced to 
meet the enemy. A long and severe conflict 
ensued ; but, overpowered by superior num- 
bers, it was compelled to give ground. 

9. The Maryland regiment suffered severely; 
Colonel Smallwood was himself among the 
wounded. The regulars of that gallant corps, 
worn down by the hard service they had en- 
dured, and the effects of their wounds, had 



Questions. — 7. What took place the next day? 8. What is said 
of Maryland regiment in battle of White Plains? 9. Who was- 
wounded? 



152 History of Maryland. 

been much weakened. Yet under all these 
trying circumstances, almost without field 
officers, the Maryland line displayed its 
wonted valor at White Plains, and won new 
laurels for its State. 

10. In the attack on Fort Washington, we 
again find the Marylanders distinguishing 
themselves. Posted among the trees, Eaw- 
ling's riflemen, the hardy sons of the Mary- 
land and Virginia mountains, poured upon 
the advancing column a murderous fire. — 
The Hessians broke and retired. Again they 
were brought to the attack, and again re- 
pulsed with dreadful slaughter. The Mary- 
land riflemen remembered the destruction of 
their brethren at the battle of Long Island by 
the Hessians, and did not forget to avenge it. 

11. A single battalion of riflemen, whose 
weapons, from frequent discharges, had be- 
come foul and almost useless, could effect 
little, when opposed to five thousand men 
with the bayonet. They could not hope 
for victory, but they won great glory. 

12. The fort was compelled to surrender. 
Among the captives were Major Otho H. 



Questions. — 9. What further is sa,id of the Maryland line? 
10, What is said of the attack on Fort Washington ? 11. What of 
the riflemen? 12. What was the result? 



Trenton and Princeton. 153 

Williams, Lieutenants Luckett, Lingan, Davis 
and Evans. Some few Marjlanders escaped 
across the river. The loss of the enemy was 
nearly twelve hundred, more than half of 
which was inflicted by Eawling's Maryland 
and Virginia riflemen. 

13. The victories of Trenton and of Prince- 
ton, during this celebrated retreat, were suc- 
cessful strategetic movements, rather than 
battles. They served to show the master- 
mind of Washington, but there was little of 
that hard fighting that shews the stuff the 
men are made of; hence in them, there are 
no particular instances of heroic deeds to 
record. 

14. The campaign of 1776, was a dark and 
bloody one, but full of glory to the Maryland 
line; which, a pov/erful regiment in the month 
of August, was now reduced to a mere hand- 
ful of men, under the command of a captain. 
In the battles from Brooklyn, Long Island, 
to Princeton, the old or first line was almost 
annihilated. 



Questions.— \2. What was the loss of the enemy? 13. What is 
said of the battles of Trenton and of Princeton ? 14. What is said 
of the campaign of 1776? 



154 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER VI. ! 

TnE N"EW Constitution and State Goternment — 

Conventio7i — Division of Frederick County — Sup2')lies ^ 

for the Army — Co7istiiiition agreed to — Division of the > 

Government — Qualifications for Voters — First State \ 

Legislature — Inducements to Enlist — The First Gov- \ 

ernor — Inauguration. k 

1. An election having been held for dele- 
gates to a new convention to form a new 
constitntion, this body assembled on the l4th 
of August, 1776, and organized, by unani- 
mously electing Matthew Tilghman, Presi- , 
dent. The committee, appointed to prepare 
and report a declaration of rights, and form 
of government, was composed of Messrs. 
Tilghman, the President, Carroll, Paca, Car- 
roll of Carrollton, Plater, Chase and Golds- 
borough. 

2. On the 6th of September, the conven- 
tion divided Frederick county, cutting off 
from it the counties now named AVashington 
and Montgomery. The pressure of public 
business prevented the consideration of the 



Questions. — I. For what was a new convention called? What 
committee was formed, and who composed it? 2. What counties 
were set off? What M'as said of the bills proposed by the com- 
mittee ? 



Maryland's Quota. 155 

bill of rights, and the constitution, which 
the committee had reported. This subject, 
therefore, was postponed, that they might 
give their attention to the condition of the 
troops, and the deficiency of all the material 
of war. 

8. Ample supplies were determined upon, 
the committee of safety was ordered to im- 
port four thousand stand of arms, as many 
gun locks, fourteen cannons, twenty tons of 
powder, and forty tons of lead, to be pur- 
chased with wheat, tobacco, flour and other 
Maryland produce. 

4. The quota of troops set down by Con- 
gress, to be furnished by Maryland, was eight 
battalions, numbering four thousand men, one- 
tenth of the whole army. This was larger in 
proportion than that levied on the northern 
States; still, Maryland, in her zeal for the 
general welfare, made no eflbrt to get her 
quota reduced, but immediately took steps to. 
furnish the troops. 

5. On the 8th of November, after much 
deliberation, the new constitution of the State 
was finally agreed to, and elections- were 



•3. What was the committee ordered to do ? 4. What 
was Maryland's quota? What is said of this quota?. 5. When was... 
the State constitution finally agreed to? 



156 History of Maryland. 

ordered to carry it into effect. The election 
took place in November 25tb, 1776. 

6. The government was composed of three 
distinct branches — the legislative, the execu- 
tive, and the judiciary. The legislative au- 
thority was vested in a Senate and House of 
Eepresentatives. The House of Delegates was 
composed of members from the counties, from 
Baltimore, and from Annapolis. The Senate 
consisted of fifteen members. The executive 
authority was in the hands of the governor. 
The judiciary was composed of the courts of 
the State. 

7. Every voter was required to be the 
owner of fifty acres of land in the county in 
which he resided, or to possess property with- 
in the State to the value of thirty pounds 
current money. Delegates must own property 
to the value of five hundred pounds ; Senators 
a thousand pounds; and the governor must 
possess a freehold of lands and tenements, of 
the value of a thousand pounds, and have re- 
sided three years within the State, prior to 
his election. By the bill of rights, the con- 
science was left as free and untrammelled as 
in the days of Leonard Calvert. 

Questions.— Q. How was the government divided ? 7. What were 
the qualifications of voters? Of senators? Of governor? What 
about freedom of conscience ? 



Governor Johnsoist. 157 

8. The first State Legislature, met on the 
5th of February, 1777. The first business 
that occupied their attention was the recruit- 
ing service. During the retreat from Long 
Island, the Maryland troops had been so re- 
duced, that Smallwood's battalion, and the 
seven independent companies, which had 
entered the service fourteen hundred strong, 
had been worn down to a mere captain's 
command, and in the face of this great loss, 
it required corresponding exertions to fill up 
the quota of eight battalions. 

9. To favor enlistments, every recruit was 
exempted from arrest for debts under twenty 
pounds, and his property was entirely freed 
from attachment and execution. To provide 
blankets for the soldiers, every family was 
obliged to give up cme-half of their surplus 
articles of that kind for the use of the army. 

10. On Friday, the 21st of March, 1777, 
Thomas Johnson was proclaimed first repub- 
lican Governor of Maryland. The announce- 
ment was hailed by a salute from the military. 
Annapolis was the scene of great festivities 



.—8. When did the first state legislature meet? What 
was the condition of Maryland troops ? 9. What was done to fovor 
enlistments? How were blankets provided? 10. Who was first 
republican governor of Maryland? 

14 



158 History of Maryland. 

on tlie inauguration of tlie new government. 
The general and county committees of safety 
surrendered up their powers and ceased to 
exist. The State was under the law of the 
constitution. 



CHAPTER YII. 

Campaign of Alll —Increase and Division of the Mary- 
land Line — Battle of the Braad.yrohie — Deborre — Battle 
of Germantown — Success of the Marylanders — John 
Eager Howard — Marylanders not Supported — Iloioe's 
Attack. 

1. The Maryland line, having been in- 
creased to seven battalions, was divided into 
two brigades. One, composed of four bat- 
talions, was placed under command of Small- 
wood, now promoted to the rank of Brigadier 
General. The commander of the other was 
General Deborre, a French officer in the 
service of the confederacy. 

2. On the 25th of August, the British army 
landed at the head of Elk river, and began 
their march upon Philadelphia. The Ameri- 
cans took post behind the Brandy wine, and on 



Questions. — 1. How was the Maryland line divided ? Who were 
the officers? 2. When and where did the British land? Where 
did the Americans post themselves? 



Battle of Germantown. 159 

the 10th of September, the British advanced 
to force their position. The Maryland line 
constituted a part of the division which was 
ordered to meet Cornwallis. But before the 
line could be formed, the Maryland division 
was attacked by the enemy. Deborre's bri- 
gade broke after a slight resistance, and sub- 
sequently the whole gave way. The Mary- 
land line, while it behaved gallantly, scarcely 
sustained its ancient reputation — nor equalled 
its subsequent glory, when led by its own 
chiefs in the South. 

3. Deborre was a foreigner, unpopular with 
his men, and entirely without their confi- 
dence. General Smallwood and Colonel Gist, 
leaders whom they would follow against any 
odds, were absent at the head of the militia. 
The troops had lain the night before on their 
arms, had slept but little, they had been in 
line all day without food, and were hurried 
into action only half-formed, after a rapid 
march, and sudden change of position. 

4. The next fight in which we find the 
Maryland troops, was the battle of German- 
town. This battle, though unsuccessful, was 
one that redounded very much to the credit 



Questions.— \Yh{it is said of Deborre's briga'ie ? 3. What is 
said of Deborre? What of the troops? 4. Where do we next find 
the Maryland line? 



160 History of Maryland. 

of Washington and the American arms. — 
Why it was not successful is not known. 
An unaccountable panic seized the Ameri- 
cans after orders to retreat had been given 
by the officers of the enemy. 

5. A regiment from the second Maryland 
brigade was detached to drive in the enemy's 
pickets. The pickets were reinforced by all 
the light infantry. The attacking regiments, 
however, maintained their ground firmly, un- 
til the whole Maryland Division was brought 
to their assistance. They advanced in gallant 
style, and with such resolution, that the light 
infantry were driven from the field, after a 
sharp action, and their encampment fell into 
the hands of the victorious line. 

t). In the pursuit, a company under Capt. 
Daniel Dorsey, was engaged with a body of 
the enemy. As the Maryland division was 
pressing on, being already in advance of the 
rest of the army. Col. Ilale attempted to dis- 
engage and bring up Dorsey's company, but 
was disabled by accident. 

7. The command of his regiment devolved 
upon Major John Eager Howard, who imme- 
diately hurried the men forward through the 



Questions.— r). What is said in this section? G. What happened in 
the pursuit? 7. Upon whom did the command devolve ? What 
did he do? 



Battle of Germantown. 161 

camp of the light infantry, and captured two 
six-pounders. Being now fired upon by the 
enemy, who had taken shelter in a strong 
building, Col. Hazen, then in command at the 
left of the Maryland line, halted in the rear of 
that position. 

8. The remaining regiments of the line 
under Sullivan, pursued the flying light 
artillery, and came upon the main body of 
the enemy drawn up to receive them. A 
severe conflict followed. Sullivan at once 
ordered his Marylanders to advance upon 
them. They obeyed without hesitation. The 
enemy after a sharp resistance retired. 

9. The firing at the dwelling house gave 
rise to the fear that the enemy was in force 
in that quarter, and the morning being dark 
and hazy, it was impossible to discover the 
exact position of either the British or Ameri- 
can forces. The result was a considerable 
confusion, through which, the Maryland line 
— assisted by a regiment of North Carolinians 
and part of Conway's brigade — were now left 
open on their flank. Having pursued the 
enemy for a mile beyond the house, and 



Questions.— S. What did the remaining regiments do? 9. What 
is said of the iiring at the dwelling house? What further is said 
of the Maryland troops ? 

14* 



162 History of Maryland. 

having expended all their ammunition, they 
found themselves unsupported by any other 
troops, and, as the enemy were rallying on 
'the left to attack them, were compelled to 
retire. They, however, brought off' their 
cannon and their wounded. 

10. Early in December, Howe marched his 
forces out of Philadelphia, as if to attack the 
American army. On the seventh, he ap- 
proached near the main army. Washington 
believing a general engagement at hand, threw 
Gist, with the Maryland militia, and Colonel' 
Morgan's rifles forward, to attack their front 
and flank. The assault was made with great 
spirit, and after a severe skirmish, the enemy's 
advanced parties were driven back. Being 
reinforced, they, in their turn compelled Gist 
and Morgan to retire. 

11. Washington withheld his reinforce- 
ments, and prepared to defend his camp, and 
Howe, 'finding it impossible to take him at 
disadvantage, retired to the city. His loss 
in the action with the Maryland militia, was 
one hundred killed and wounded ; that of the 
militia was seventeen wounded, and of the 
rifles, twenty-six killed and wounded. 



Questions.— 10. What is said of Howe? Repeat the section? 
11. What did Howe now do? What was his loss? What, of the 
militia? 



Count Pulaski. 163 

12. While Washington was wintering at 
Yalley Forge, the Maryland line, under 
Smallwood, was stationed at Wilmington. 
They succeeded in capturing a British brig, 
in the Delaware, laden with stores and pro- 
visions, which made their winter quarters 
comfortable, when compared to those of 
Yalley Forge. 



CHAPTER YIII. 



1778 and 1779. — More Troops Demanded — Disaffec- 
tion — British Evacuate Philadelphia. — Battle of Mon- 
mouth — Genei-al Lee — Washington's Reliance on Mary- 
land Officers — Landing, and Retreat of British Troops. 

1. On the 17th of March, 1778, the legisla- 
ture again assembled at Annapolis. Congress 
had called on the several States for an in- 
crease of their forces. The quota demanded 
from Maryland, was two thousand nine hun- 
dred and two men. 

2. While this quota was filling. Count 
Pulaski, a gallant Pole, was busily engaged 
forming his legion partly in this State, and 
partly in Delaware. 



Questions.— 12. Where did Smallwood winter? 1. When did the 
legislature again meet ? 2. What is said of Count Pulaski ? 



164 History of Maryland. 

3. He succeeded in raising a corps which 
did good service to the country. He perished 
in storming a battery at Savannah. 

4. The drain upon Maryland was very 
great, in some parts of the State a great de- 
gree of disaffection still continued, and the 
population was scanty. Yet with all these 
drawbacks, before the other States had well 
moved in the matter, except New Jersey, the 
Maryland line was raised to its full number. 

5. The severe winter spent by the army at 
Yalley Forge, had almost exhausted the State. 
The northern and southern States had been 
very slow in sending their proportions of 
provisions ; the army had, therefore, to de- 
pend largely upon Maryland, and it was 
feared that her resources were nearly con- 
sumed. But the energy of the governor in 
aiding the quartermaster's department, and 
the patriotism of the people were equal to 
the emergency. 

6. As the spring advanced, the British pre- 
pared to retreat from Philadelphia. Many 
were anxious to drive the enemy from the 
city, but the weakness of the American army 



Questions.— 3. What further is said ot him? 4. What is said of 
the condition of Maryland? 5. What of the encampment at Val- 
ley Forge? What of the States north and south? 6. What did 
the British prepare to do ? 



Evacuation of Philadelphia. 165 

rendered it too danoferous to make the at- 
tempt. None of the States, except Maryland 
and New Jersey, had filled up their quotas, 
although constantly urged by Washington to 
do so. 

7. On the 18th of June, 1778, the British 
army evacuated Philadelphia, and crossed the 
Delaware. They had encamped at Monmouth 
Court House, in a strong position. Washing- 
ton determined to attack them the moment 
they began to retire from the posts, and di- 
rected Lee to carry this design into execution. 

8. General Lee having taken upon himself 
to judge of the propriety of engaging on the 
ground he occupied, ordered his troops to 
retire. At the first sound of the artillery, 
Washington moved on with the troops to 
support the advance. After a speedy march 
of five miles, he came upon Lee in full re- 
treat, without having made an effort to main- 
tain his position. 

9. The crisis required promptness of action. 
Stopping only long enough to administer a 
stern and even fierce rebuke to Lee, Wash- 
ington turned to Eamsay, who commanded a 



Questions.— C). What is said of the quotas of the State? 7. When 
did the British evacuate Philadelphia? Where did it encamp? 
What did Washington determine to do ? S. What is said of General 
Lee? What did Washington do? 9. What further did he do and say? 



166 History of Maryland. 

Maryland battalion, and Col. Stewart, com- 
manding a regiment, and called to each of 
them that he " was one of the officers he 
should rely upon to check the enemy that 
day." 

10. The enemy now opened their artillery 
upon Ramsay and Stewart, who were soon 
sharply engaged with the infantry. Though 
compelled to fall back before superior num- 
bers, the obstinate defence made by the Mary- 
landers, gave Washington time to draw up 
his lines of battle. 

11. As soon as the scale of victory began 
to turn, "Washington ordered up Patterson's 
division and Smallwood's brigade to secure 
the day. The British were driven back. But 
night coming on, the battle had to be sus- 
pended, and in the morning it was found that 
the British had retreated. 

12. In November, the Maryland line was 
marched to Middlebrook, New Jersey, where 
Washington had established his head-quarters. 

13. In February, 1779, the British landed 
a body of troops in New Jersey, with the 
design of taking Elizabethtown. Smallwood, 



Questions.— 10. Upon whom did the enemy open? Wliat is said 
of the Marylanders? 11. What did Washington do? What fur- 
ther is said? 12. Where did tlie Maryland line now go ? 13. What 
is said in this section? 



Maryland's Quota. 167 

with the Maryland line, and St. Clair, with 
the Pennsylvania division, were immediately 
ordered forward. The British, however, re- 
treated without venturing a battle. 

14. In July, the army was concentrated at 
West Point, New York. The Maryland line 
formed its right wing. 



CHAPTER IX. 



1779 AND 1781 — Maryland's Quota Large and always Full 
— Early Harvests — Arrival of French Fleet — Paper 
Money — Pensions to Troops — Depreciation of Currency 
— Confiscation — Tax — The Price of Liberty. 

1. Maryland had always kept its quota of 
troops full, and at one time its quota was one 
third more than any other State, except Dela- 
ware, according to proportions fixed by con- 
gress. 

2. But it was not only for men that the 
State was looked to ; its wheat, ripening be- 
fore that of the other wheat-growing States, 
was always required for the first supplies of 
the army. It was also bought up by the 
north for the use of the States, in that section. 



Questions.—!. What of the Maryland quota? 2. What besides 
men was required from Maryland? 



168 History of Maryland. 

3. This gave rise to a commerce that had 
to be protected from the British fleet. Mary- 
land was, therefore, obliged to keep up a 
marine force of her own. The fleet consisted 
of the ship Defence and several galleys, a 
sloop of war, and four barges. 

4. The prize money, arising from captures 
made by these vessels, was distributed among 
the victorious crews, and was an incentive to 
exertion, which increased their usefulness. 

5. The arrival of the French fleet, however, 
at a later period, rendered it unnecessary to 
maintain this force. The distressed condition 
of the finances rendered the reduction of the 
marine very desirable, as thereby the State 
was relieved of a great expense, and the men 
were employed as a portion of the State's quota 
for the campaign. 

6. The expenses of the war increased so 
rapidly, that it was found impossible to keep 
up with them by taxation. To furnish money, 
therefore, to pay the troops and to supply the 
necessities of trade, the States resorted to 
the means with which this generation is so 
familiar, namely, of issuing bills of credit, or 



Questions. 3. What did this give rise to? Whafdid State fleet 
consist of? 4. What is said of the prize money? 5. What is said 
of the arrival of the Frencli fleet? What was done with the 
marines? 6. To what did the State resort to raise money? 



Governor Lee. 169 

paper money, which were made legal tender 
for the payment of debts. 

7. The difference between the nominal 
value of this paper money, and specie, was so 
great that forty dollars in paper were worth 
only one dollar in gold, or silver. An officer 
having been dispatched to Baltimore to buy 
cloth for coats, after great difficulty bought 
fifteen yards for fifteen hundred pounds. 

8. To ensure a just payment of the troops, 
the legislature of Maryland resolved that the 
officers of the Maryland line, who should 
serve to the close of the war, should be en-- 
titled to half-pay during life, to commence 
after the expiration of their pay from con- 
gress. This provision was also extended to 
their widows, during widowhood. 

9. Thomas Johnson, having served three 
years as governor, was succeeded by Thomas 
Sim Lee. The depreciation of the currency, 
and the consequent high prices of provisions, 
compelled the legislature to enact very strin- 
gent laws against speculators, who bought up 
the necessities of life, in order to grow rich 
upon the distresses of the army. 



Questions. — 7. What is said of the value of this paper money? 
8. What did the legislature do? 9. V/ho succeeded Governor 
Johnson? What laws did the legislature pass? 



15 



170 History of Maryland. 

10. It was also determined, as a matter of 
relief, to confiscate the estate of all those who 
had adhered to the royal cause. Their prop- 
erty was sold as that of British subjects, found 
within the State, and fair spoil of war. That 
injustice might not be done, an opportunity 
was allowed to the owners to come in and 
take the oath of allegiance to the State, prior 
to the first of March, 1782. This measure 
of confiscation, necessary as it was, was not 
passed without reluctance and serious oppo- 
sition, but the tax was one huadred pounds 
of paper money for every hundred pounds 
worth of property, nominally the whole worth 
of their property, but as paper money was 
worth only one-fortieth, the real tax was two 
and a half per cent, on all property, amount- 
ing often to more than half of the owner's 
income. 

11. This tax was endured the more cheer- 
fully because it was part of the price of lib- 
erty, and men knew that no price was too 
dear for that blessing. It was not a tax to 
support a party or a power, nor was it a tax 
to pay the cost of conquest, but even with 



Questions.— 10. What measure of relief was determined upon? 
What opportunity was given the disaffected? What rendered 
this act necessary? 11. What is said of the tax? 



Public Lands. 171 

all these advantages in its favor, the currency 
was in effect repudiated, and the governor's 
salary had to be paid in wheat, at the rate of 
forty-five hundred bushels per year. 



CHAPTER X. 

The Confederation — Delay of Confederation — Diffi- 
culty of adjusting Public Lands — Clause secured by 
Virginia — Mainland Objects — Compromise proposed 
by Neuo York — Sovereign States — Maryland's efforts 
in the Cjmmon Cause. 

1. Early in the revolutionary struggle, a 
plan was introduced into congress for the 
confederation of the colonies. The matter 
had to be deferred from time to time, to 
give way to the pressing needs of the army. 

2. One source of difficulty was the adjust- 
ment of the question of the public lands. 
Maryland was determined not to relinquish 
her claim to a portion of them, and was the 
last to hold out. Virsrinia claimed the unset- 
tied territory of the west; Maryland main- 
tained that if the dominion of those lands 
should be established by the blood and treas- 



Questions.— 11. How was the governor's salary paid? 1. What 
plan had been proposed in congress? 2. What was one source of 
difficulty ? What position did Maryland take ? 



172 History of Maryland. 

lire of the United States, such lands ought to 
he considered as common property. 

3. Virginia had succeeded in securing, in 
the articles of confederation, a clause, "that 
no State should be deprived of her territory, 
for the benefit of the United States." Mary- 
land would not give in her adherence while 
that clause existed. 

4. The compromise proposed by New York 
was, that each State should limit its western 
boundary, and cede to congress its claim to 
lands beyond it, in the purpose of erecting 
new States hereafter, and for no other pur- 
pose whatever. This effected a settlement 
and the articles of confederation were signed 
on the first dav of March, 1781. 

5. This was the germ of the union. Each 
State preserved its separate and distinct sov- 
ereignty. The United States, being the 
creation of the States, could not be greater 
than the power that created it. It could 
only exercise acts of authority delegated to 
it. It was the agent to exercise the power 
belonging to the States. 

6. Questions were to be decided not by the 
people at large, but by the States themselves. 

Questions. — 3, What clause had Virginia secured? 4. Wliat com- 
promise was offered, and by whom? 5. What is said in this sec- 
tion? C. How were questions to be decided? 



Maryland and Virginia. 173 

a majority of them being required to carry a 
question. 

7. The States agreed that congress, which 
represented them in their collective capacity, 
alone should exercise certain acts of sover- 
eignty, such as declaring war, laying imposts, 
and coining money, which were essential for 
the common good. 

8. Though Maryland had held aloof from 
the confederation, she had not relaxed her 
efforts in the common cause. At the very 
time when she was contending with Virginia 
for the rights of her State, her sons were 
fiojhtino^ on the soil of her sister State for 

o o 

its defence, shedding their blood without 
stint upon every battle-field — the Maryland 
line and the Virginia regiments, side by side, 
bearing the brunt of the hard-fought southern 
campaigns. Her valor in the field, and her 
wisdom and firmness in the cabinet, have left 
their impress upon the country, however they 
may be ignored by partial writers of its his- 
tory. Her valor in the field either determined 
the victory, or saved the army in many a hard 
fought struggle, and her firmness in the cabi- 



Questions.—'I. What did the States agree to ? 8. What is said of 
Maryland ? What is said of her valor and firmness ? 



15* 



174 History of Maryland. 

net gave rise to the formation of those States 
which this day constitute the pride and power 
of the republic — the great West. 



CHAPTER XL 



The Maryland Line South — Maryland Line sent to 
Reinforce the Southern Department — Passage through 
Ma7'yla7id — Gates'' Folly — Route tnarhed by De Kalh — 
Changed hy Gates — Battle at Camden — Dreadful Charge 
of the Ma.rylanders — The whole British force broiight 
against the Maryland Line — Virginia Militia. 

1. During the year 1779, the southern 
army had been unfortunate. Georgia and 
South Carolina were re-conquered by the 
enemy, and North Carolina was invaded. 

2. In this critical state of affairs, it was 
resolved by congress that the Maryland and 
Delaware lines should be dispatched to re- 
inforce that department. 

3. In April, 1780, they were accordingly 
detached, under the command of Major-Gen'l 
De Kalb, and, after marching through New 
Jersey and Pennsylvania, embarked at the. 
head of Elk river. 



Questions.— I. What is said in this section? 2. What did con- 
gress resolve? 3. Under whose command were they placed? 



General Gates. 175 

4. The first and second brigades passed 
through the State early in May. They num- 
bered about two thousand men, and most of 
that gallant and veteran army looked for the 
last time upon their beloved State. Yet 
proudly conscious of their noble bearing, 
and the honor they had won for it, they 
cheerfully marched on to new fields of glory. 

5. The south was calling for their aid, and 
these men, who had shewn their prowess at 
the north — some, sharers with Gist of the 
bloody day upon Long Island, some, who 
fought at Harlem Heights, White Plains, Fort 
Washington, and through five severe cam- 
paigns — were hastening thither to cross their 
bayonets with British steel again. 

6. The lesfislature directed the sum of three 
thousand dollars to be paid to each officer, 
and, to welcome their passage through the 
State, gratuities were distributed among the 
non-commissioned officers and privates. 

7. On their march, they were overtaken 
and joined by Genl. Gates,, who had been ap- 
pointed to the command of the southern de- 
partment. 



4. What is said of their passage through the State? 
5. What is said in this section? 6. How were they welcomed? 
7. By whom were they joined? 



176 History of Maryland. 

8. The broken remains of the cavalry, 
which had served the preceding campaign, 
had been withdrawn to North Carolina to 
recruit. Its officers desired Gates to use his 
influence to fill his corps. He refused to do 
so, thinking he had a sufficient force for his 
purpose. He learned to regret his folly. 

9. De Kalb had already selected a route for 
the army, somewhat circuitous, but through a 
fertile country, where provisions and supplies 
could be obtained. Gates changed the course 
to a more direct one, but through a barren 
and exhausted district. 

10. The result was disastrous; the men 
were compelled to live on green corn and 
unripe fruit, producing sickness and death. 
The horses, destitute of forage, were unable 
to support the forced marches, and the whole 
army, when it approached the enemy, was 
broken down, and scarcely fit for service. 

11. The first battle in which they were 
called to engage was at Camden. Lord Corn- 
wallis, the leader of the British, and Genl. 
Gates, had formed the design of surprising 



Questions. — 8. What is said of the cavalry? What did the oflS- 
cers desire? 9. What had DeKalb done? What did Gates do? 
10. What was the result? 11. What was the first battle they were 
called upon to engage in? 



Battle at Camden. 177 

each other, and the advance parties of each 
met at half-past two o'clock in the morning. 
12. After some skirmishing, as if by mutual 
consent, both ' armies ceased their fire, and 
drawing back awaited the dawning of day. 
The artillery opened on both sides at day- 
break. To teach the Virginia militia to stand 
the fire of the ^nemy, Col. Otho H. Williams, 
of Maryland, with a party of volunteers, moved 
in their front against the British artillery, to 
draw and sustain their fire. Cornwallis im- 
mediately threw forward his veteran corps. 
The Virginia militia, scarcely waiting to de- 
liver one fire, threw down their arms and 
fled. One regiment of North Carolina militia 
followed their shameful example. Another 
North Carolina regiment, however, cheered 
by the firm bearing of the Marylanders, main- 
tained its ground. 

13. At the moment the left wing broke, 
Cornwallis elated with success, ordered a 
charge to be made on the right. But Gist's 
brigade was immovable. For a while the 
terrific struggle seemed of doubtful issue — 
"bold was the pressure of the foe," exclaims 
an eve witness, " firm as a rock the resistance 



Questions. — 12. When did the battle Qommence ? What did Col. 
Williams do ? What did Cornwallis? What, the Virginia militia? 
Who followed? 13. What is said in this section? 



178 History of Maryland. 

of Gist — now the Marylanders were gaining 
ground." 

14. The gallant Howard, at the head of 
Williams' regiment, impetuously broke upon 
the enemy, and drove the opposing corps be- 
fore him. At this moment, Webster, second 
in command of the enemy, brought his vet- 
eran guards upon their flank. They were 
instantly met by the second Maryland bri- 
gade under Smallwood. 

15. Finding his flank once more protected, 
and his Marylanders bearing up with unflinch- 
ing valor, the brave De Kalb, although out- 
numbered two to one, resolved to make one 
great and final effort with the bayonet. — 
Dreadful was the charge. The two lines 
seemed mingled with each other, the weaker 
going down before the stronger. The vet- 
eran troops of Cornwallis were beginning to 
give way, a single corps of cavalry would 
have completed the victory. The folly of 
Gates in refusing to recruit that arm of the 
service, when entreated to do so, rendered 
this impossible. 

16. The advance movement left Small- 
wood's brigade exposed on the flank, which 



Questions.— li. What is said of Howard ? Of Webster ? Who met 
him ? 15. Describe the charge of the Marylanders ? What ren- 
dered their charge useless? 10. How were the Marylanders left? 



General DeKalb. 179 

was immediately attacked by the enemy. — 
But Gist and De Kalb continued to maintain 
their ground. Cornwallis alarmed at the 
unexpected resistance of the Maryland line, 
and having before experienced its desperate 
valor with the bayonet, now brought his 
whole force upon it. The whole British 
|; army was poured upon these two devoted 
brigades. 

17. Eight hundred men stood their ground 
unsupported, and surrounded by more than 
two thousand British regulars, but fighting 
on with unflinching hearts. The cavalry 
was suddenly thrown upon their front and 
rear ; the inequality was too great. These 
gallant men were compelled to fly. 

18. The loss was severe. De Kalb was 
slain. The North Carolinians lost four hun- 
dred men taken prisoners, sixty killed and 
wounded. But the Maryland line and the 
Delaware regiment suffered most. The Vir- 
ginia militia, to the regret of all, escaped 
with the loss of only three men. 

19. The thanks of congress were voted to 
Gist and Smallwood for their exemplary skill 
and bravery oli this disastrous day. Lieut. 



Qiiestiom.—U. What did Cornwallis have to do? 17. What is 
said in this section? 18. What is said of the loss? What of the 
Virginia milatia? 19. What did congress do ? 



180 History of Maryland. 

Col. Williams, was everywhere in the heat 
of the battle, and Lieut. Col. Howard gave 
proofs of that cool and daring courage, which 
distinguished him as one of the first and 
bravest of Maryland's sons. 



CHAPTER XII. 



The BA.TTLE or Cowpicns — Recruiting — Consolidation of 
the Line — Cul. Williams — Genl. -Morgan Retreats he- 
fore Tarleton— Makes a Stand — Marylanders Sustain 
the Battle — Victory — Col. Hovmrd. 

1. Smallwood and Gist remained at Char- 
lotte with about one hundred and fifty offi- 
cers and men to rally their scattered soldiers. 
By certain cool and skilful measures Small- 
wood succeeded, in about ten days, in col- 
lecting upwards of seven hundred non-com- 
missioned offi-cers and men, which number 
was increased by the recapture of a hundred 
and fifty continental prisoners taken at Cam- 
den. They were recaptured by Marion, on 
their way, under escort, to Charleston. 

2. The seven Maryland regiments of the 
old line, were reduced into on'e, to be called 



Questions.— \0. What is said of Williams and Howard? 1, What 
did Smallwood and Gist now do? How many did they collect? 
2. How were the regiments of the Maryland line reduced? 



COWPENS. 181 

tlie first Maryland, and placed under Colonel 
Otho H. Williams. The officers who thus 
lost their commands were ordered back to 
Maryland to take charge of recruiting sta- 
tions. General Smallwood was retained in 
the army. General Gates was superseded 
by General Greene. 

3. Smallwood's detachment was drawn into 
the main army ; and a chosen body of troops, 
four hundred of whom were of the old Mary- 
land line, under Colonel Howard, was placed 
under the command of Morgan, to operate on 
the western quarter. 

4. Cornwallis, learning the movements of 
the American forces, determined to strike a 
blow at Morgan, before he could be joined by 
the hardy mountaineers of the west. 

5. He dispatched about one thousand men 
under Lieut. Col. Tarleton, to pursue him, 
while he, himself, put the main body in 
motion to cut off his retreat, if he should 
escape that active officer. 

6. Morgan retreated with reluctance, al- 
though he was compelled to do so by the 
advance of Cornwallis, parallel to his route. 

Questions.— 2. Under whom was the regiment placed? 3. What 
was done with Smallwood's detachment? What, with Howard's? 
4. What is said of Cornwallis ? 5. Whom did he dispatch ? 6. What 
did Morgan do ? 

16 



182 History of Maryland. 

Having at length gained sufficient time to 
risk an action with Tarleton, and having 
been joined by Gen'l Pickens with a body 
of five hundred militia, he determined to 
await the coming ojp the enemy. 

7. The ground was open and favorable to 
Tarleton, whose cavalry outnumbered that 
of Morgan three to one. As the enemy 
advanced, Morgan addressed his men ; he 
directed the militia to deliver but two or 
three volleys, and then to retire and form 
behind the main line. He reminded the 
Marylanders of their past glory, and that 
victory was largely dependent upon them. 

8. Tarleton advanced rapidly. The skir- 
mishers delivered their fire, and fell back. 
The British pressed with loud shouts, upon 
the first line, which, undismayed, poured 
in a close and destructive fire. The enemy 
continued to advance with the bayonet, 
and the militia having only rifles retired 
in haste. 

9. Believing the victory in their grasp, 
the enemy charged upon the continentals. 
They were met with unshaken firmness. — 



Questions.— -6, When did he determine to venture a battle? 
r. What is said in this section? 8 What is said in this section? 
). How was the charge of the enemy met? 



John Eager Howard. 183 

The conflict was desperate, and for a time 
seemed doubtful, but the unconquerable spirit 
of the Marjlanders at length prevailed, and 
the enemy began to falter. Being reinforced 
by the reserves, they again advanced. 

10. Howard ordered his flank company to 
change front, but mistaking the order it fell 
back, upon which the line commenced to 
retire. Morgan directed it to retreat towards 
the cavalry and assume a new position. . 

11. The British, thinking this movement 
was precursor of a flight, rushed forward 
with impetuosity and in disorder, to com- 
plete the triumph. Howard had not yet 
reached the position marked out by Mor- 
gan, but perceiving their condition, he sud- 
denly faced about, and poured in upon the 
astonished enemy a close and murderous fire, 
and then cheering his men, broke in upon 
them with the bayonet. 

12. The charge was terrible and decisive ; 
and the day was won. The slaughter of 
Camden was repaid; the whole British in- 
fantry was killed or taken. The cavalry 
had pursued the retreating militia to their 



Questions.— 10. What is said in this section? 11. What did the 
British think? What did Howard do? 12. What is said of the 
charge ? What further is said ? 



184 History of Maryland. 

horses, and had begun to sabre them when 
Col. Washington charged upon them, and 
drove them before him. 

13. Never was a more complete or more 
glorious victory. The force of Morgan did 
not much exceed eight hundred men — only 
half of whom were regulars — and only eighty 
cavalry — while that of Tarleton reached a 
thousand, comprising three hundred and fifty 
cavalry. This force was entirely destroyed. 

14. "The weight of the battle fell upon 
Howard, who sustained himself admirably in 
those trying circumstances, and seized with 
decision the critical moment to complete with 
the bayonet the advantage gained by his 
fire." Yet he had won the battle without 
orders; and after he had swept the field by 
his glorious charge, Morgan rode up to him 
and said severely : " You have done well — 
for you are successful — had you failed, I 
would have shot you." 

15. At one moment, Howard held in his 
hands the swords of seven British officers, 
who had surrendered to him. Congress 
awarded him a silver medal. 



Questions. — 13. What was the force of Morgan? What was Tarle- 
ton's? 14. Who deserves the credit of the victory? What did 
Morgan say? 15. How many British officers surrendered to 
Howard? 



General Greene. 185 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Battle or Guilford Court House — Greeners Retreat 
— Williams Covers the Retreat — Battle — Cornwallis' 
Desperate Resort — George Fox's Remark — Americans 
gain Possession of Strongholds — Unsuccessful Attack 
on Ninety-Six. 

1. Greene not finding himself strong enough 
to compete with Cornwallis, who had been re- 
inforced, commenced his retreat from the Yad- 
kin to the Dan. This retreat was remarkable 
for its masterly manoeuvres, its rapid marches 
and severe duty. At times the two armies 
were within musket shot of each other. 

2. Had Williams' corps, which was in the 
rear, become involved with the advance of 
the enemy, the strength of the army might 
have been destroyed, and Greene, no longer 
covered with light troops, would have fallen 
an easy victim to Cornwallis. 

3. The burden of the retreat, therefore, fell 
upon Williams, and nobly did he bear it. — 
Scarcely a single man was killed or captured, 
in the face of an active, energetic and supe- 



Questions. — 1. What was Greene compelled to do? What was 
this retreat remarkable for ? 2. What would have been the result 
of conflict? 3. Upon whom did the burden of the retreat fall? 

16* 



186 History of Maryland. 

rior enemy, whose van for days was constantly 
in sight of the retiring rear. 

4. Having crossed the Dan, Greene rested 
his army and recruited. Being reinforced, he 
thought he could venture an engagement with 
Cornwallis, which he did in the battle of Guil* 
ford Court House, on the 18th of February, 
1781. In this fight the first Maryland regi- 
ment checked the left wing of the enemy, but 
the second, which had just been raised, fled. 

5. The battalion of guards, which had 
turned the second Maryland, was now at- 
tacked by Colonel Howard. Like a torrent 
the old Maryland regiment broke through 
their ranks, driving them headlong from 
the field with terrific slaughter. 

6. To save his favorite corps from utter 
annihilation, and to arrest the progress of 
the pursuers, Cornwallis was compelled to" 
open his artillery upon them, although every 
discharge swept through his own men. The 
Maryland brigade lost in this fight, one hun- 
dred and fifty-four officers and men. The 
British General lost nearly one-third of his 
men. 



Questions. — i. Where did Greene rest and recruit? What battle 
did he venture? 5. Describe the charge of Howard's battalion? 
C. What was Cornwallis compelled to do? 



The Eemark of Fox. 187 

7. The enemy remained masters of the 
field, but the victory was almost as destruc- 
tive to Cornwallis as a defeat. Charles Fox, 
in the British House of Commons, said of it, 
"another such victory will ruin the British 
army." 

8. Six days afterward, February 2oth, 
Greene was surprised at Hobkirk's hill. — 
The first Maryland regiment, worn down 
by sufferings, emaciated from the scantiness 
of their food, and brought suddenly to a 
charge when only half-formed, was seized 
with panic and fled. They rallied, but too 
late to retrieve the day. 

9. Notwithstanding the defeat at Guilford 
Court House, the Americans succeeded in 
gaining possession of all the strongholds in 
the south, with the exception of Charleston, 
and Ninety-Six. This latter post Greene 
now hastened to invest. 

10. Learning that Lord Rawdon was ap- 
proaching at the head of two thousand men 
to relieve Ninety-Six, Greene determined to 
attempt it by assault. The resistance was 
desperate and successful, and Greene was 
forced to retire. 



Questions.— 1 . What is said of victor}'? What did Charles Fox 
say in parliament? 8. What is said of Hobkirk's Hill? 9. What 
did the Americans succeed in gaining? 10, What is said of 
Ninety-Six. 



188 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER XIY. 

Battle of Eutaw Sfri:ngs— Disposition of the Troops 
— Maryland Line charges the Buffs — Desperate Strug- 
gle — Marylanders Complimented on the Field — State 
Threatened with Invasion — La Fayette in Baltimore — 
Defence of the Bay — Washington's Design — Washing- 
ton at Annapolis. 

1. On the 21st of August, Greene broke up 
his encampment, and hastened to the south 
to seek the enemy now under the command 
of Lieut. Col. Stewart. He overtook them at 
Eutaw Springs. 

2. Greene advanced in two lines — the 
militia in front, the continentals in the rear. 
The Maryland brigade under Col. Williams, 
seconded by Lieut, Col. Howard, was on the 
left wing. 

3. The militia advanced with spirit, and 
opened a heavy fire upon the enemy, which 
was soon briskly returned ; but they main- 
tained their ground until the British troops 
pressed close upon them. 

4. The North Carolina troops were imme- 
diately ordered up to cover their retreat and 



Questions. — 1. When did Greene return south? Where did he 
overtake the enemy? 2. What was the position of the troops? 
3. What is said of the militia? 4. What of the North Carolina 
militia? 



The Buffs. 189 

check the advance of the enemy. This corps 
consisting of newly raised regiments never 
before in action, pushed forward in good 
style and the conflict became warmer. 

5. Greene now brought up the Maryland 
and Virginia lines, which advanced with a 
shout, and poured in a destructive fire upon 
the enemy. Stewart called up his reserve; 
the North Carolinians began to fall back, 
when Greene ordered the Marylanders and 
Virginians to charge with the bayonet. 

6. At trailed arms, cheering vehemently, 
these two gallant brigades, led on by Wil- 
liams, Howard and Campbell, rushed upon 
the enemy heedless of the close and deadly 
fire, which was repeatedly poured in upon 
them, as they advanced at a rapid pace. The 
shock was terrible. 

7. Howard's regiment was received by the 
Buffs, an Irish corps, which had just joined 
the army ; and here the fiercest struggle en- 
sued. Neither would yield; but, crossing 
bayonets their ranks mingled together, oppo- 
sing files sank down, each pierced with the 
bayonet of his antagonist. 



Questiom. — 5. Whom did Greene now bring forward? G. Des- 
cribe the charge? 7. B\' whom was Howard's regiment received? 



190 History of Maryland. 

8. Thus they were found, grappled in death 
and transfixed together upon the field of the 
slain, marking the spot where the Mslvj- 
landers and Buff's had met in deadly conflict. 
The officers fought hand to hand. So bloody 
a strife could not continue long. The rest of 
the British line gave way, and the gallant 
Buffs, unable to maintain the conflict with 
the -veteran Mary landers, broke and fled. — 
Greene rode up and complimented the Mary- 
landers and their commander in the midst of 
the action. 

9. The victory was complete, and the Brit- 
ish were compelled to retreat. Having ob- 
tained an unassailable position, the pursuers 
were recalled, bringing with them three hun- 
dred prisoners and two cannon, one of which 
was captured by Lieut. Duval, of the Mary- 
land line. 

10. Greene attributed his success to the 
free use of the bayonet by the Maryland and 
Virginia troops. The thanks of congress 
were' voted to each of the corps engaged. 

11. The spirit of the hostile army was 
broken, and the royal supremacy in the south 



Questions.— 8. What is said of this struggle? Who gave way? 
What did Greene do? 9. What is said of the Yietory? 10. To 
what did Greene attribute the victory? 11. What is said ot the 
hostile army? 



La Fayette in Baltimore. .191 

may be said to have terminated, overturned 
in a great part by the bayonets of Maryland. 

12. Whilst the Maryland line was thus 
gloriously occupied in the south, its native 
State seemed, for a time, threatened with in- 
vasion. Arnold, the Traitor, had been de- 
tached to Virginia, at the head of an active 
body of British troops. Cornwall is hastened 
into Virginia, and forming a junction with 
the forces there, took the command of the 
whole upon himself. 

13. La Fayette was at once dispatched by 
General "Washington to Virginia, with a small 
force to make head against Cornwallis. He 
passed through Maryland on his way, and 
was hospitably received by the merchants of 
Baltimore. 

14. Being invited to a ball, he was there 
observed to be grave and sad. On being 
questioned by the ladies, as to the cause of 
his gloom, he replied, he could not enjoy the 

.gayety of the scene, whilst his poor soldiers 
were without shirts, and destitute of the ne- 
cessities of a campaign. " We will supply 
them," exclaimed these patriotic women. 



Questions.— 12. What invasion threatened Maryland ? 13. Who was 
despatched to make head against Cornwallis ? 14. What anecdote 
is related of La Faj'ette? 



192 . History of Maryland. 

15. The pleasures of the ball-room were ex- 
changed for the labors of the needle, and on 
the next day they assembled in great numbers 
to make up clothing for the soldiers. The 
husbands and fathers furnished the materials. 
The distresses of his corps were relieved. 
The history of this city during the last few 
years has proved that the women of the pre- 
sent day, whose kind hearts and fair hands 
have contributed to alleviate the wants of the 
suffering, are worthy descendants of those 
noble women of the revolution. 

16. Great efforts were made to organize a 
force to repel an invasion, which the open 
condition of the bay might invite. The glory 
of the southern battles had re-awakened the 
spirit of the people of Maryland, and the 
measures proposed were promptly carried 
out. Provision was made for the defence of 
the bay, and several severe actions took place 
with the straggling cruisers of the enemy. A 
regiment was ordered to join La Fayette in 
Virginia. 

17. Washington, having formed the design 
of destroying Cornwallis, was now anxious 
to concentrate as strong a force as possible 



(Questions. — 15. What was done the next day? 16, What is said 
of the defence of the bay? J 7. What design had Washington 
formed ? 



Washington at Annapolis. 193 

in that quarter, while the French fleet seized 
the mouth of the bay to cut off the retreat of 
the enemy. 

18. On the 8th of September, Washing- 
ton passed through Baltimore, where he was 
received with every mark of respect. An 
address was presented to him on behalf of 
the people, and the city was illuminated. 

19. On the 19th of October, 1781, Corn- 
wallis surrendered with his whole force of 
seven thousand men. In this hard contested 
siege, a portion of the Maryland troops was 
engaged, maintaining the honor of the State 
and the fame of the old Maryland line. 

20. In a letter to Governor Lee, of Mary- 
land, Washington says, " my present engage- 
ments will not allow me to add more than 
my congratulations on this happy event, and 
to express the high sense I have of the power- 
ful aid which I have derived from the State 
of Maryland." 

21. On Washington's passing through An- 
napolis, to join the army in the north, that 
venerable city was crowded to overflowing 



Questiom.—n. What was done in order to carry out this plan ? 
18. When did Washington pass through Baltimore? 19. When 
did Cornwallis surrender ? 20. What does Washington, in his let- 
ter to Governor Lee, say ? 21. What is said of Washington's pas- 
sage through Annapolis? 

17 



194 History of Maryland, 

witli liappy spectators, and presented one 
constant scene of enthusiastic rejoicing. 

22. Maryland had the honor of first " salut- 
ing him as the Patriot, the Hero, and the 
Saviour of his Country." She had been 
the first to propose him for that station which 
resulted in liberty to his country, and in the 
admiration of all posterity to himself. She 
was the first to announce to him the grati- 
tude of the nation, and to confer upon him 
those titles which were to render his name 
universal and immortal. 



CHAPTER XY. 



The Close of the Eevolution — New Paper Issues — 
Tory Conspiracy — Plot Exposed — Execution of Leaders 
— Success or Failure — Commissioners from, England — 
Spirited Resolution of Maryland Legislature — Close of 
the War. 

1. The legislature had made every effort 
to prepare for the campaign of 1781. Know- 
ing the impossibility of meeting the neces- 
sary expenses by means of the usual paper 
money, they determined to have recourse to 
the patriotism of the wealthier citizens. 



Q}iestions.—22. How did Maryland salute him ? 1. What is said 
of the legislature? 



The Tory Plot. 195 

2. There was a large amount of confiscated 
land unsold, that had belonged to British sub- 
jects. The legislature determined to issue two 
hundred thousand pounds in notes, secured by 
these confiscated lands, which were pledged 
to the amount of four hundred thousand 
pounds. 

3. The wealthy and patriotic planters and 
merchants agreed to take at their par, or 
nominal value, such amounts as they sub- 
scribed for. As the security was sufficient, 
nearly the whole amount was subscribed. 
For a time the scheme was successful, but 
such was the want of confidence in paper 
money of any kind, that in three months, 
even these bills had depreciated to less than 
half their nominal value. 

4. An extensive alarm was created by the 
discovery of a conspiracy to excite an insur- 
rection of the disaffected within the State. 

5. At the opening of the campaign of 1781, 
a design was formed of invading the western 
frontier from Canada. A body of British 
troops was to strike at Fort Pitt, and Col. 
Conolly, already once bafiled in his designs 



Questions.— 2. How did the legislature proceed to raise money? 

3. Did the plan succeed? Did the paper money retain its valuef? 

4. What alarm was excited? 5. What design was formed? 



196 History of Maryland. 

in Maryland, was to assemble a tory force 
to co-operate with him. 

6. Large numbers had been enrolled in 
Frederick county, when the conspiracy was 
discovered at Frederick. It is said that a 
British officer in disguise was to meet a 
messenger of the traitors at a designated 
place, and put into his hands papers con- 
taining every information concerning its 
progress. 

7. The British officer was deterred from 
attending at the appointed place, and the 
papers fell into the hands of an American 
officer, who by a singular coincidence was 
at that moment standing where the tory 
expected to meet his correspondent. 

8. The plot and the names of the leaders 
were at once exposed, and efficient measures 
were instantly taken. The leaders were taken 
and convicted. Seven were brought to trial 
before a commission presided over by Judge 
Hanson, found guilty and sentenced to death. 

9. Three of their number were executed in 
the Court-house yard of Frederick. They 
persisted, to the last, that they were only 
guilty of doing their duty as lawful subjects 



'Questions.— G & 7. How was the conspiracy discovered? 8. What 
was done with the leaders of the plot? 9. How many were exe- 
cuted ? What did they insist upon to the last? 



Commissioners. 197 

of the King of England, and asserted that 
their judges Avere more truly deserving the 
name of rebels and traitors. 

10. Had the result of the revolution been 
different, a different name would have been 
given to their fate — which they met with 
firmness ; for whilst one side stigmatized 
them as traitors, the other mourned over 
them, and honored them as true and loyal 
martyrs. Success makes a revolution glori- 
ous, the want of it leaves the reproach of 
disgrace upon the unfortunate. Without 
success the patriots of the Maryland line 
would have been called traitors and rebels 
to this day, and the name of tory, now a 
reproach, would be proudly assumed as a 
token of loyalty. 

11. As soon as the 'arrival of commis- 
sioners from Great Britain, with power to 
make either peace or war with the revolted 
colonies, was announced, the Maryland legis- 
lature unanimously resolved, that " though 
peace with Great Britain and all the world, 
was an object truly desirable, war with al] 
its calamities was preferable to national dis- 
honor. That this State could never consent 



Questions.— 10. What is said in this section? 11. What did the 
Maryland legislature resolve? 

17* 



198 History of Maryland. 

to treat with Great Britain, except upon the 
footing of an equal, and would never enter 
into any treaty with that power, which would 
sully its own honor or violate its obligations 
to France, its great and good ally. 

12. The bay-shores were still infested by 
armed galleys and barges, manned by tories 
and refugees, who plundered and sometimes 
murdered the. inhabitants. The legislature 
determined to re-establish the marine, and by 
its rigorous measures the commerce of the 
bay was relieved, and the inhabitants of its 
shores were protected. 

18. The war was now at an end. Through- 
out the whole contest Maryland had been 
distinguished for its zeal in support of the 
common cause. She had furnished duriuir 

o 

the war, to the Continental army, fifteen 
thousand two hundred and twentj^-nine men, 
besides those enlisted in the independent 
corps, the State companies, the marine and 
naval force, and five thousand four hundred 
and seven militia. 



Questions.— 12. What is said of the baj^-shores? 13. What of tlie 
war? What, of Maryland, during the war? 



The Maryland Line. 199 



CHAPTEK XYL 

The Maryland Line — Their Sufferings— The First to 
use the Bayonet — Their Battles — Their Losses. 

1. No troops in the Continental army had 
rendered better service, endured more fatigue 
or won greater glory than the Maryland line. 
In proportion to their number, no body of 
men suffered more severely. 

2. They were the first to use the bayonet 
against the experienced regulars of the ene- 
my, and that in the earliest battle — and 
throughout the succeeding struggles of the 
war, they were most often called on to lead 
with that bloody weapon into the ranks of 
the foe. She seldom shrank from the en- 
counter. 

8. At Long Island, a fragment of a bat- 
talion shook, with repeated charges, a whole 
brigade of British regulars. At White Plains, 
they held the advance columns at bay. At 
Harlem Heights, they drove the enemy from 
the ground. At Germantown, they swept 
through the hostile camp, with their fixed 
bayonets, far in advance of the whole army. 



Questions. — 1. What is said of the Maryland line? 2. What were 
they the first to do ? 3. Mention the several battles in which they 
distinguished themselves? 



200 History of Maryland. 

At Cowpens, and at Eutaw, their ranks with 
unloaded muskets bore down all opposition. 
At Guilford, and at Camden, though the vic- 
tory was not theirs, they fougUt with a cour- 
age that won the admiration and surprise of 
the enemy, and brought from Fox, in the 
House of Commons, the exclamation: "one 
more such victory and the British army is 
ruined." Everywhere they used the bayonet 
with terrible effect. 

4. Entering into the war two strong bat- 
talions, they were soon reduced to a single 
company. Again swelled up to seven regi- 
ments, they were again thinned by their 
losses to a single regiment, and before the 
campaign was well passed, they were once 
more recruited to four full battalions of more 
than two thousand men. 

5. Two of their Colonels, Williams and 
Howard, were considered the best officers of 
their grade in the army. Grranby, Hall, 
Smith, Stone, Kamsey and Ford, were equal 
to any others in the whole continental ser- 
vice. 



Questions. — 4. What is said of their losses? 5. What of their 
officers ? 



Seat of Government. 201 



CHAPTER XYII. 

Seat of Government — Annapolis Offered — AcHoti of 
Congress — Washington determines to Resign — Recep- 
tion at Annapolis — Resignation. 

1. It was now an interesting question, 
where the seat of national government should 
be placed. The central position of Maryland 
drew, attention in this quarter, and the cor- 
poration of Annapolis addressed a memorial 
to the legislature in 1783, offering the city to 
the general government. 

"2. The legislature, therefore, offered to the 
government the use and possession of the 
State House for their sessions. Other in- 
ducements were, offered to make Annapolis 
the permanent seat of government. Con- 
gress determined to fix the capital in Mary- 
land, yet deemed it more prudent to select 
some other place than that already occu- 
pied by the State legislature. 

3. They resolved to select a point upon 
the Potomac, near Georgetown, but for the 
present accepted the accommodations ten- 
dered them by the State. They, therefore. 



Questions. — 1. What was now a question ? What is said of the 
position of Maryland? 2. What did congress determine? 3. What 
did the legislature do? 



202 History of Maryland. 

adjourned from Princeton to Annapolis. The 
legislature welcomed them with great cordi- 
ality, gave up one of their halls for their 
use, and Governor Paca surrendered the 
government house to their president. 

4. General Washington had already noti- 
fied the several States of his intention to 
resign his commission, and retire to private 
life. He now hastened to Annapolis, where 
he arrived on the 17th of December, to con- 
summate his purpose. 

5. He was met a few miles from the city, 
by Generals Gates and Smallwood, with the 
most distinguished citizens of Maryland. He 
was greeted, with enthusiasm by the people. 
Every one vied in doing him honor. 

6. At twelve o'clock, on the 23d of Decem- 
ber, the gallery, and a great part of the floor 
of the hall of congress, were filled with ladies, 
with public functionaries of the State, and 
with general officers. The members of con- 
gress were seated and covered, as representa- 
tives of the sovereignty of the union. The 
gentlemen present were standing uncovered. 

7. After a decorous silence of a few min- 
utes, Washington rose, and in a dignified and 



Questions.— i. What is said of Washington? 5, How was he re- 
ceived? 6. Describe the scene in the State House? 7. What did 
Washington do? 



Washington Eesigns. 203 

impressive manner, delivered a short address. 
When he had concluded he placed into the 
the hands of the President that great com- 
mission, Tinder which he had achieved the 
liberty and independence of America, "com- 
mending the interests of our dearest country 
to the protection of Almighty God, and those 
who hav6 the superintendence of them, to 
his holy keeping." 

8. The editor of the Maryland Gazette, who 
was present, says: "few tragedies ever drew 
so many tears from so many beai:itiful eyes, 
as the moving manner in which iiis Excel- 
lency took his final leave of congress." 

9. Then calmly, as if he had not just resigned 
the highest place in his country's gift, and 
broken the sword of his own power for its 
lasting good, that great man retired from that 
hall which had thus been consecrated forever 
by this noble scene. 



Questions.— T. What did he say? 8. What is said by an eye-wit- 
ness ? 9. Repeat this section ? 



204 History of Maryland. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

1 783 - 1 789 — Debt — Public Improvement — Susquehanna 
Canal — Potomac Company — Population of Baltimore — 
Colleges — Constitution of the United States Adopted. 

1. The great difficulty the country now 
had to contend with was the debt incurred 
both by the general government and the 
several states. The treasury was empty and 
credit was gone. So great was the scarcity 
of money that taxes had to be paid, to a great 
extent, in merchandise, or, as it is called, in 
kind. 

2. Maryland was the most prompt of the ; 
States to take efficient measures to raise 
money and restore her credit; and looking 
forward to her future growth, she laid the j 
foundations of those public works which have 
contributed so materially to her subsequent 
prosperity. 

3. "The Proprietors of the Susquehanna 
Canal" were incorporated in 1784. The ob- 
ject of this company was to construct a canal 
from the Pennsylvania line, along the Sus- 
quehanna to tide-water. This canal is still 
in use. 



Questions.— 1. What great difficulty had the country to contend 
with ? How had taxes to be raised ? 2. What is said of Maryland ? 
3. ^^hat company was incorporated ? 



Public Works. 205 

4. In the same year, the Potomac Company 
was organized. The object of this organiza- 
tion was, "the opening and extending of the 
navigation of the Potomac." The idea origin- 
ated with the greatest men of the day, and 
Greneral Washington took great interest in it. 
It would open a highway for the already in- 
creasing travel from the Atlantic to the west. 

5. The Potomac Company was subsequently 
merged in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
Company, and the designs for rendering the 
river navigable were abandoned, and other 
plans adopted. 

6. The removal of the dangers and im- 
pediments which had obstructed commerce 
during the war, gave the city of Baltimore a 
new impulse. In 1782 it only numbered 
eight thousand inhabitants, but from that 
time it has moved on with rapidity and 
power, and is now regarded as one of the 
most prosperous cities in the Union. 

7. As early as 1782, Washington College, 
at Chestertown, on the Eastern Shore, was 
incorporated. In 1784, St. John's College at 
Annapolis was instituted. These two col- 



Questions. — i. What other company ? 5. Into what was the Poto- 
mac company subsequently merged? 6. What gave Baltimore a 
new impetus? How many inhabitants had it in 1782? 7. What 
college was established in 1782 ? In 1784 ? 

18 



206 History of Maryland. 

leges, at which many of the principal men of 
the State have been educated, were in 1805 
united under the name of the University of 
Maryland. 

8. On the expiration of the terra for which 
William Paca was eligible, in 1785, Major 
General Smallwood was elected governor. 
Though he was honored by the people of 
Maryland with the highest office in their gift, 
yet, his memory seems nearly forgotten. He 
sleeps in a lonely grave, on his paternal 
estate, now in the hands of strangers. He 
who won so much glory for Maryland lies 
unhonored, without a stone to mark the spot, 
or an enclosure to protect his last resting 
place from desecration. 

9. During the administration of Small- 
wood the Constitution of the United was 
adopted. It was acceded to by Maryland on 
the 28th of April, 1788, by a vote of sixty- 
three to eleven. 



Questions.— 8. Who was elected governor in 1785? What is said 
of him? 9. What important step was taken during his adminis- 
tration? 



The Federal Constitution. 207 



CHAPTER XIX. 

The Federal Constitution — Needs of the Country — 
Convention Proposed — Disputes — The Constitution a 
Compromise — Capital — District of Columbia — Projierty 
(Qualifications for Voting Removed — The Ballot substi- 
tuted for viva voce. 

1. The old articles of confederation were 
found not adapted to the wants of the coun- 
try in its new condition. There was need 
of a more centralized power, by which the 
States could be brought into closer union, 
and the general government could act more 
efficiently for the general good. 

2. A convention of all the States, to devise 
some means to give stability to the confed- 
eration, having been proposed, the legislature 
of Maryland elected five delegates to repre- 
sent the State. 

3. The convention met at Philadelphia, and 
agreed upon the present constitution and form 
of government of the United States, which 
was laid before Congress. That body imme- 
diately directed that copies' should be trans- 



Questions.—l. What is said of the confederation? What did the 
country need? 2. What was proposed? 3. Wliere did the con- 
vention meet? What did the convention present to congress? 
What was the action of congress ? 



208 History of Maryland. 

mitted to the several legislatures to be sub- 
mitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in 
each State by the people. 

4. The condition of the country was such, 
that every one acknowledged the necessity 
of immediate change. But there were two 
parties; one was desirous of strengthening 
State authority, fearing that too great cen- 
tralization of power would ultimately destroy 
State independence and popular liberty itself, 
by leaving minorities entirely at the mercy 
of majorities ; the other hoped to derive from 
an efficient general government, unity and 
stability, which would ensure prosperity at 
home, and respect abroad. 

5. The constitution was a happy compromise. 
The popular majorities were represented in 
the House of Representatives, and State sov- 
ereignty was represented in the Senate. This' 
protected the weak from the strong. It is 
the remark of an ancient philosopher, and 
history confirms the truth of it, that "the 
weak always desire what is equal and just; 
but the powerful pay no regard to it." 

6. The immense popular majorities of a 
large State, regarding only their own inter- 
ests, could control legislation to the disadvan- 



■ Questions. — 4. What two parties were there in the country? 
5. What is said of the constitution? How? G. Explain further? 



The Capital. 209 

tage of the smaller States ; but in the Senate 
the smallest State is equal to the largest. — 
Hence, under ordinary circumstances, the 
necessities of concurrent majorities would 
prevent unjust legislation, and the strong 
would be compelled to listen to the weak, 
and respect their rights. 

7. This most admirably contrived com- 
promise and compact called the constitution, 
was ratified by the Maryland convention. A 
certificate of their ratification was signed by 
the members, on the 28th of April, 1788. 

8. On the 2d of July, 1788, the ratification 
of the constitution by nine States, was laid 
before the old Congress, then still in session, 
and preparations were immediately made to 
carry it into effect. The States Avere directed 
to appoint their electors to cast their votes 
for president and vice-president. The vote 
of Maryland was cast for Washington for 
president, and Robert Hanson Harrison for 
vice-president. 

9. The general government had not yet 
adopted any permanent capital. After hav- 
ing: hesitated between the Potomac and the 



* Questions. — 7. When did Maryland ratify the constitution? 
8. When was the ratification laid before congress ? Who was the 
first president? 9. Had the capital been adopted yet? 

18* 



210 History of Maryland. 

Delaware, Congress concluded to accept tlie 
proposition of Maryland, and the Potomac 
was selected. 

10. Commissioners were appointed in 1790; 
the district was laid out on both sides of the 
Potomac, embracing nearly equal portions of 
Virginia* and Maryland, including George- 
town and Alexandria, and called the "Terri- 
tory of Columbia." The new city, whose site 
was selected for the Federal Metropolis, was 
named Washington. 

11. On the 18th of September, 1793, the 
corner stone of the north wing of the capitol 
was laid by Washington in person. 

12. Prior to 1801, no person was allowed 
to vote unless he possessed a certain amount 
of property. It was thought necessary that 
there should be a property qualification in 
voters, in order to give them a personal in- 
terest in the management of public affairs. 

13. The first States to break through this 
custom were Vermont and Maryland. In 
Maryland there was great opposition at first 

* The Virginia portion was afterwards ceded back to 
that State. 



Questions.— 10. When were commissioners appointed? What 
site was selected? 11. When and by whom was the corner stone 
of the capitol laid? 12. What was necessary prior to 1801? 
13. What States were the first to break through this custom? 



Eeform. 211 

to the extension of the right of suffrage, on 
the part of the senate. But it was contended 
that property was not the only interest at 
stake in the community, or to be effected by 
its government and legislation. The rights 
of life, liberty and character, are to be re- 
garded as paramount to those of mere pro- 
perty. 

14. It is not always the property holders 
who have interest enough in the general wel- 
fare, in the hour of danger to the common- 
wealth, to stake their lives or liberty in its 
defence. But being powerful in the State, by 
reason of their wea]th, the danger is that 
they will use that power for their own ag- 
grandizement, indifferent to the rights, or 
even the sufferings of the masses, who alone 
can protect them in their wealth. 

15. Hence the people of Maryland insisted 
that the power of wealth, in producing class 
legislation, should be checked by the power 
of numbers, every one of whom had life, lib- 
erty and character at stake, and they suc- 
ceeded in passing a law giving the right of 
suffrage to every free white male citizen, 



Qtiestions.—13. What was contended in favor of enlarged suf- 
frage? 14. What is said of property holders? 15. What did the 
people of Maryland insist upon ? 



212 History of Maryland. 

twentj-one years of age, who had resided 
twelve months in the State, and six in the 
county prior to the election. 

16. The ballot and the ballot-box were 
also substituted for viva voce vote. In 1809, 
all clauses of the State constitution requiring 
property qualifications for office holders, were 
repealed. 



CHAPTER XX. 



1812 — War with England— Pec^nroiioji of War — Tv)o 
Parties — The Position of New England — Of Maryland 
— Riot in Baltimore — Hartford Convention — Admiral 
Cockburn — His Deeds — Defence of Havre de Grace. 

1. Difficulties arising from the jealousy of 
England and her haughty spirit, leading to an 
interference with the commerce of America, 
and an infringement on her rights as a nation, 
at last resulted in a declaration of war, - This 
was made by the United States, on the 11th 
of June, 1812. 

2. There were two political parties in the 
country, known as the Federal and Demo- 
cratic. The former, as its name implies, 
favored a strong central government, the 



Questions. — 16. What method of voting was introduced ? 1. What 
led to difficulties with England? When was war declared? 
2. What two political parties ?. 



Commerce versus Honor. 213 

latter adopted the theory of State-rights. — 
The Federal party opposed the war. 

3. The New England States at first were 
quite eager for it, because the measures 
adopted to prevent so great a calamity, in- 
terfered with their commerce. They looked 
upon war as a remedy for the evil, but find- 
ing the' remedy worse to them than the evil, 
they were thenceforth bitterly opposed to 
war, as beth wicked and expensive. 

4. Maryland, and the agricultural States 
generally, thinking the honor of the repub- 
lic, as well as its commerce were at stake, 
favored active hostilities. The legislature of 
Maryland voted an address to the President 
of the United States, declaring they were 
ready to submit to all the hardships and 
dangers of war, rather than permit outrage 
upon the honor of the country to pass un- 
punished. 

5. The "Federal Eepublican," a newspaper 
published in Baltimore, made such a violent 
attack upon the administration and the war 
measures, that a riot was the result; the office 
of the paper was torn down, and one person 
was killed. 



Questions.— 3. What is said of the New England States? 4. What 
of Maryland? 5, In what lawless manner did the people of Mary- 
land shew their zeal ? 



214 History of Maryland. 

6. In New England, on the other hand, 
where the Federalists were in the majority, 
opposition to the war was popular. The 
Massachusetts legislature proposed to call a 
convention of delegates from the several 
States of New England, to meet and enquire 
what ought to be done. This was called the 
Hartford Convention. 

7. It is claimed by the New England his- 
torians that the objects of this convention 
were patriotic, and that " as the mists of 
passion fade away this becomes more appa- 
rent." Whether so, or not, it is certain the 
convention was considering the propriety of 
withdrawing New England from the Union, 
for, in its journal it says, "whenever it shall 
appear that these causes of our calamities are 
radical and permanent, a separation by equit- 
able arrangement will be preferable to an alli- 
ance by constraint, among nominal friends, 
but real enemies." The somewhat unex- 
pected close of the war prevented further 
action. 

8. With these elements of interual dis- 
cord the United States went into the war. 



Questions.— 6. How did New England shew its hostility? 7. What 
is claimed by the Now England historians? What is certain? 
8. What effect had these dissensions on the war? 



Admiral Cockburn. 215 

"Whether owing to this want of unanimity 
on the part of the people, or of skill on the 
part of the officers, the first year of the war 
was one of misfortune. 

9. Maryland bore part in the deeds of the 
war only through her privateers. Her sol- 
diers and sailors were distributed throughout 
the Federal army, and were not, as formerly, 
distinguished in a separate corps. 

10. In 1813, Admiral Cockburn made his 
appearance in the Chesapeake Bay, with four 
ships of the line and six frigates. He im- 
mediately began his operations against the 
property and persons of unarmed citizens. 
Women and children did not escape the 
cruelty of the invaders. 

11. It has been customary to speak of 
Cockburn as a " brute," and of his acts as 
" disgraceful outrages," as " reflecting little 
credit on the British character," as present- 
ing England in the light of '' a foe that paid 
little regard either to the law of nations or to 
that of honor." 

12. But if fifty years later, when civiliza- 
tion and Christianity may be supposed to 
have made some advance, it is considered a 



Questions. — 9. How did Maryland bear her part? 10. What is 
said of Coekburn? 11. How have his acts been regarded 
12. What is said in this section? 



216 History of Maryland. 

part of the lawful strategy of war, to burn 
churclies and colleges, and private dwellings ; 
to burn barns, and meat houses, and agricul- 
tural implements, that " even crows should 
starve in flying over the territory of the 
enemy," certainly, he, who in 1813-14, re- 
garded not the tender years of childhood, nor 
the weakness of women, who illuminated the 
bay shores with incendiary fires of peaceful 
hamlets, should not be too harshly dealt with 
by those who praise the heroes of 1863-64. 
If the American raiders of 1863-64 were en- 
gaged in lawful acts of war, Cockburn cannot 
be condemned. If Cockburn is condemned, 
every word of reproach is one of self condem- 
nation. 

13. Among the places that suffered by this 
famous or infamous admiral, were French- 
town, Havre-de-Grace, Fredericktown (on the 
Eastern Shore,) and Georgetown, which were 
taken, plundered and burned. 

14. In the attack on Havre-de-Grace, a gal- 
lant defence was made by an Irishman, named 
O'Neale, who manned a battery himself, and 
kept up a fire on the approaching enemy, 
until he was disabled by a wound in the leg, 



Questions.— 13. What places suffered? 14. Who defended Havre- 
de-Grace ? Repeat what is said ? 



Battle of Bladensburg. 217 

received from the recoil of the cannon which 
he was firing. He then continued the fight 
with two muskets, which he loaded and fired 
until he was captured by the enemy. 

15.. They threatened to hang him as a Brit- 
ish subject found in arms; but the determina- 
tion of the Americans to execute two British 
soldiers in reprisal, induced them to spare his 
life. Whenever a body of militia was col- 
lected. Admiral Cockburn held aloof. He 
threatened Annapolis, but it was prepared for 
defence, and he retired. He approached Bal- 
timore, but five thousand citizens were in 
arms, and he shrunk from the encounter. He 
preferred the safe and profitable, though at 
that time thought inglorious, warfare of de- 
stroying or carrying off private property. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

Battle of Bladensburg. 



1. No attempt to invade the interior was 
made until the year 1814, when a body of 
men, five thousand strong, under Gen. Ross, 



Questions. — 15. What did the British threaten to do to him? 
What deterred them? What further is said of Cocliburn? 
1. When did the British land in Maryland? 

19 



218 History of Maryland. 

was landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent, and 
commenced its march towards Washington. 

2. The militia, under Gen. Winder, assem- 
bled to oppose their progress. This small 
fopce retired before the British until they 
reached Bladensburg, a village about five 
miles from the city. The militia were rein- 
forced here by a body of twenty-one hundred 
men, under General Stansburj^, including the 
fifth regiment, the favorite regiment of Balti- 
more, under Col. Sterrett, several rifle com- 
panies, commanded by Major Pinkney, and 
two companies of artillery, under Myers and 
Magruder, and by the sailors and marines, 
under Commodore Barney. It was now de- 
termined to make a stand, and risk a battle 
for the defence of the capital. 

8. General Stansbury was stationed on the 
left of the road leading to Washington, with 
his artillery in a breast work near the bridge 
over the Western Branch, with the Baltimore 
volunteers in advance. Col. Beall, with eight 
hundred militia was placed on the right of the 
road, and Gen. Winder, in person commanded 
the main body, a short distance in the rear. — 
The heavy artillery, under Commodore Bar- 
ney, was placed so as to command the road. 



Questions.— 2. Who opposed them? Who joined Winder at Bla- 
densburg ? 3. What was the disposition of troops. 



Barney's Battery. 219 

4. As soon as the enemy appeared in sight, 
they formed and moved towards the bridge, 
but were received with a destructive fire 
from the batteries and the Baltimore rifles, 
and driven back in disorder. 

5. They immediately formed again and 
advanced a second time. The head of their 
column was again thrown into confusion, but 
they at length forced their way across the 
bridge and drove back General Stansbury's 
force, capturing one piece of artillery. 

6. Col. Beall's militia retreated with great 
precipitation, and a detachment of Annapolis 
militia was thrown back in disorder on the 
main body. The enemy now advanced briskly 
along the road, certain of an easy victory, 
when Barney's battery opened upon them in 
front, and Col. Millar with the marines poured 
in a heavy fire upon their flank. 

7. The first discharge of Barney's pieces 
swept across their columns with terrible effect. 
Moving obliquely to the left, to escape the 
range of the cannon, the British grenadiers 
fell upon Millar's marines. From these they 
received so warm a reception that the advance 



Questions.— i. What is said in this section? 5, Describe what 
further is said ? 6. Who checked the advance of the British ? 
7. What was the effect of the discharges of artillery? How did 
they try to avoid it? 



220 History of Maryland. 

was driven back upon the main body in dis- 
order. . 

8. The moment was critical, but from the 
want of a sustaining force, the Americans 
were unable to follow up the advantage, and 
Ross having rallied his men extended his 
front so as to attack the marines in front and 
on both flanks. Being thus assailed,* the ma- 
rines could not hold their ground; Col. Millar 
having been wounded, Capt. Sevier ordered 
them to retire. Barney, no longer sustained 
by the infantry, was unable to maintain his 
position, though his gallant sailors worked 
the guns until they were surrounded and 
some of their number bayonetted at their 
posts. Then, only, they retired leaving their 
gallant commander covered with wounds in 
the hands of the enemy. 

9. The main body of militia and a body of 
regular cavalry and infantry, eager to join in 
the fight, in the moment of victory, by the 
folly of their officers were ordered to retire. 
When once undisciplined troops look back, a 
panic seizes them ; it was so at Bladensburg; 
an unwilling retreat became a route. 



Questions.— 8. What prevented the Americans obtaining the vic- 
tory? 9. What is said in this section? 



Burning of the Capitol. 221 

10. Washington thus fell into the hands of 
the enemy who burned the capitol, the presi- 
dent's house and all the public offices. They 
then returned to their shipping at Benedict, 
having lost in the expedition four hundred 
men, killed and wounded, and five hundred 
prisoners. The loss of the Americans was 
about thirty killed, fifty wounded and one 
hundred and twenty taken prisoners. 



CHAPTEK XXII. 

Battle of North Point. 

1. General Eoss now turned his eyes upon 
Baltimore. Anticipating his design, the gov- 
ernor had ordered the militia of the State to 
hold themselves in readiness, and large bodies 
were marched to the city for its defence. — 
About seven hundred regulars, several vol- 
unteer and militia companies from Pennsyl- 
vania and Virginia, increased their strength 
to about fifteen thousand men. 

2. They were commanded by Gen'l Samuel 
Smith, who had distinguished himself in the 



-10. What did the British do at Washington? How 
many did the British lose ? How many the Americans ? 1. Where 
did Ross now turn ? What had the governor ordered ? Who had 
assembled? 2. By whom commanded? 

19* 



222 History of Maryland. 

revolution by his gallant defence of Fort 
Mifflin. One division of the army was con- 
fided to General Winder, the other to General 
Strieker. 

3. As soon as it was announced that the 
British were approaching the city, the militia 
flocked in from all quarters in such numbers, 
that neither arms, ammunition nor provisions 
could be supplied them, and the services of 
many were necessarily declined. 

4. As it was expected that the enemy 
would land and attack the town from the 
east, heavy batteries were erected on the 
high grounds in that direction, and an en- 
trenchment thrown up in which the main 
body of the militia were posted. 

5. Od the water side, the city was defended 
by Fort McHenry, garrisoned by a thousand 
men under Major Armistead ; two small bat- 
teries were erected on the south side, while 
the channel was obstructed by a number of 
sunken vessels. 

6. On the 11th of September, 1814, the 
British fleet, numbering fifty sail, entered 



-2. How were the divisions commanded? 3 What 
was the effect of the announcement of the approach of the Brit- 
ish? 4. Where were batteries erected? 5. How was the city 
defended on the water side? What of the channel? 6. What is 
said of the British fleet? 



General Eoss Killed. 223 

the mouth of the Patapsco, and on the 12th, 
a force of five thousand men was landed at 
North Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore. 
7. General Strieker was ordered forward 
with three thousand two hundred men, to 
oppose their progress. He took a position 
about eight miles from the city, his right 
resting on Bear Creek, and his left covered 
by a marsh. 

8. In a skirmish with the rifles, who were 
thrown in the advance, the British com- 
mander, General Koss, was killed. 

9. General Brook, the second in command, 
continued to advance, and, at half-past three, 
action commenced with the main body by a 
heavy cannonade. 

10. The fifty -first regiment having fallen 
into confusion, while executing an order, 
failed to keep its ground, and by its retreat 
the American force was reduced to about one 
third of the -enemy. Notwithstanding this 
disparity the line maintained its ground with 
the greatest firmness, pouring in a destruc- 
tive fire upon the advancing columns of the 
enemy. The artillery opened with terrible 
effect upon the left, which was opposed to the 



Questions.— 6. What force was landed ? 7. Who was ordered lor- 
ward? 8. Who was killed? 0. Who succeeded him? 10. What is 
said of the fifty-first? What further is said? 



224 History of Maryland. 

gallant fifth, wliicli sustained the laurels won at 
Bladensburg. The front ranks of the enemy 
were frequently observed , throwing them- 
selves upon the ground to avoid the unerring 
fire that was poured upon them. 

11. Finding his force unable to make head 
against the superior strength of the enemy, 
and having given them a severe check, Gene- 
ral Strieker ordered his line to retire to the 
position occupied by the reserve. This posi- 
tion being too exposed, he fell back nearer 
to the city. 

12. The enemy did not attempt pursuit, 
and the brigade assumed a position near the 
entrenchments, ready for another struggle 
with the invader. Although the American 
loss was heavy, it bore no comparison to that 
of the British. The loss of the former was 
twenty-four killed, one hundred and thirty- 
nine wounded, and fifty prisoners; that of 
the latter was nearly twice as great. The 
British lost their leader General Koss, who 
had boasted that he would take up his winter 
quarters in Baltimore. 

13. On the morning of the 13th, the British 
made their appearance within two miles of 



Questions.— 11. What did Strieker now do? 12. Did the enemy- 
pursue? What was the loss on each side? 13. Where did the 
British next appear ? 



Bombardment of Fort McHenry. 225 

the entrenchments, on the Philadelphia road, 
as if endeavoring to gain the flank of the 
American position ; but being baffled by 
General Smith, they retired to their former 
position. 

/ 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

Bombardment of Fort McHenry, 

1. Having failed to take the city by land, 
the enemy hoped that an attack by v/ater 
would be more successful, and on the even- 
ing of the 13th, the fleet began to bombard 
the fort. 

2. The garrison was composed of three 
companies of United States artillery, and 
three volunteer city companies, under Capt. 
Berry, Lieut. Pennington and Capt. Nicholson, 
besides six hundred infantry ; in all about 
one thousand men, under Col. Armistead. 

3. The fleet being anchored two miles from 
the fort, and out of reach of its guns, the 
latter was compelled to receive the fire in 
silence. But a supposed advantage having 
been obtained, several vessels were brought 



Questions.— I. What took place on the l:ith ? 2. What composed 
the garrison? 3. What is said in this section? 



226 History of Maryland. 

within range. The batteries immediately 
opened upon them with such effect, that they 
werd driven back to their former position. 

4. During the night several rocket vessels 
and barges, with fourteen hundred men, sup- 
plied with scaling ladders, passed silejitly by 
the fort, and entered the Patkpsco. Suddenly 
as they drew opposite the six gun battery, 
Lieut. Webster, its commander, opened upon 
them with terrible effect. The Ibrt and ten 
gun battery, also poured in their fire. The 
havoc was dreadful. One of the barges was 
sunk, and the cries of the wounded and 
drowning, could be plainly heard upon the 
shore. The rest, having suffered a heavy 
loss, retreated to the fleet. 

5. Just previous to the bombardment, Fran- 
cis S. Key, Esq., had, under a flag of truce, 
gone on board of the enemy's fleet, to obtain 
the release of a friend who had been taken 
captive. He was himself detained until after 
the bombardment. During the night he com- 
posed the national song, "The Star Span- 
gled Banner," descriptive of the scene which 
was passing, and of his own excited feelings. 



Questions. — 4. What was done during the night? How were they 
received? 5. What national song was composed this night? 



Peace. 227 

6. Baffled by land and by water, the enemy 
determined to abandon the expedition. The 
troops were embarked on the 15th, and, on 
the 16th, the hostile fleet dropped down the 
Chesapeake, leaving the city filled with joy 
at her triumphant preservation, mingled with 
sorrow for the brave men who had died to 
defend her. 

7. Early in the ensuing year, the war was 
closed. The treaty of peace was signed at 
Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814, and 
ratified by the United States, on 17th of Feb- 
ruary, 1815. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

181 5-1 848 — Ek70RM — Internal Imjwovements — Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal — Rail Roads — Haliimoi^e and 
Ohio Rail Road — Other Rail Roads — Colonization So- 
ciety — Pecuniary Crisis — Mexi.can War. 

1. The people of Maryland began now to 
turn their attention to the affairs of their own 
State. Baltimore had grown very rapidly 
and under the existing constitution, her re- 
presentation in the legislature was not pro- 
portioned to her population. 



Questions.—^. What is said in this section? 1. What is said of 
Baltimore ? 



228 History of Maryland. 

2. By the system of that day, a minority of 
the people could determine the choice of the 
senate, the governor and council, and the 
legislature. 

3. The senate was not chosen directly by 
the people, but by electors, two from each 
county, and the governor was appointed by 
the legislature; thus the influence of ten small 
counties, if brought to bear, could overpower 
that of the larger. 

4. After many years of fruitless eftbrts, a 
reform was effected. The election of the 
governor was given to the people, and his 
term of office fixed for three years. The 
council was abolished, and a secretary of 
State provided. The senate was re-organ- 
ized and was to be elected by the people. 

5. The constitution of the house of dele- 
gates was materially altered, and the number 
of delegates was distributed more in accord- 
ance with the population of the several coun- 
ties and towns. 

6. In 1823, the subject of internal improve- 
ments became an absorbing theme in Mary- 
land. The immense mineral resources of the 
western part of the State, the iron and the 



Questions.— 2. What of the senate and governor? 3. How were 
they chosen? 4. What change was made ? 5. What change in the 
house of delegates? 6. What is said of internal improvements? 



Internal Improvements. 229 

coal, made it important that the designs of 
the Potomac Company should be completed. 
Bat after repeated efforts, it was found that 
the mode of navigation proposed by the Poto- 
mac Company was insufficient. 

7. It was, therefore, proposed to incorpor- 
ate a new company, to which the old one 
should surrender its privileges, for the pur- 
pose of making a canal along the river to its 
head, and thence to the Ohio. In pursuance 
of this plan the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
Company was incorporated in 1824. 

8. This canal has its terminus at George- 
town. The city of Baltimore naturally feared 
that the trade with the west would be drawn 
from her. As she had no means of competing 
by canal or water routes with the interior, her 
attention was drawn to railways. 

9. At this time, rail roads were an un- 
tried novelty. In England, the engineers and 
capitalists were agitating the subject of this 
means of transportation between Liverpool 
and Manchester, — the first passenger rail road 
ever constructed, — and simultaneous with this 
movement the leading citizens of Baltimore 
were contemplating the organization of the 



Questions. — 7. AVhat new company was formed? 8. What is said 
of Baltimore? 9. Wtiat of rail roads? 

20 



230 History of Maryland. 

Baltimore and Ohio Eail Road — the first in 
this country. 

10. The first persons to propose this mea- 
sure were George Brown, Esq., and his asso- 
ciate, Philip E. Thomas, Esq. The far-reach- 
ing sagacity of these men, and the wonderful 
results that have developed themselves in 
connection with this road, render their names 
as worthy of honorable mention as those of 
any that grace the history of Maryland. 

11. In Eebruar}^, 1827, these men called a 
meeting of the citizens of Baltimore, and a 
memorial was, at once, presented to the legis- 
lature : in ten days after a charter was granted. 

12. A rail road was also projected from 
Baltimore to York, Pennsylvania, and an act 
of incorporation was obtained, under the title 
of the " Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail 
Road." The title was subsequently changed 
to "Northern Central Rail Road." The "Wes- 
tern Maryland Rail Road" was also projected, 
but for many years it was suspended. The 
Washington Branch of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Rail Road was also built. This branch 
has proved very profitable to the State. 



QuesUo7is.— 10. Who were the first to propose the Baltimore and 
Ohio Rail Road. 11. When was the first meeting called ? 12. What 
other road was projected? 



Financial Crisis. 231 

X 18. Daring this period, the American Colo- 
nization Society was formed, for t-he purpose 
of establisliino- colonies on the western coast 
of Africa, and of settlinsr there those emanci- 
pated blacks, who should be willing to return 
to the land of their forefathers. A branch of 
this Association was immediately formed in 
Maryland. Finding that, by its connexion 
with the National Society, it was liable to 
the vexatious interference of Northern abo- 
litionists, it determined to form an indepen- 
dent organization, and plant a separate colony 
under the name of "Maryland," in Liberia. — 
This society received aid from the State, by 
an annual appropriation of one thousand dol- 
lars. 

14. In 1837, a great financial crisis occur- 
red. There was great distress in all parts of 
the country. Suspensions and failures in 
business became of every day occurrence. 
In addition to private distress, the national 
treasury itself was plunged into a state of 
bankruptcy. 

15. Of course, Maryland did not escape. 
Her liabilities were very great, as the State 
had subscribed very liberally to the public 



Questions.— \3. What is said ofthe Colonization society? 14. What 
occurred in 1S37? 15. What is said of Maryland? 



232 History of Maryland. 

improvements. It was found that, on the 
finst of December, 1840, there would be a 
deficit in the treasury of six hundred thou- 
sand dollars — an amount almost twice as 
great as the whole revenue of the State. 

16. Instead of following the example of 
some of the other States, by repudiating her 
debts, it v/as resolved that a direct tax should 
be levied on the property of the people ; as a 
means of revenue it also adopted the stamp 
system on all pecuniary obligations. By the 
energetic measures recommended by Gov- 
ernor Pratt, she redeemed her credit, and 
her financial condition has ever since been 
highly prosperous. 

17. In the Mexican war, which broke out 
in 1845, Maryland was represented by many 
brave and distinguished heroes, among whom 
was Major Samuel Ringgold, who, at the head 
of his battery of light artillery, had distin- 
guished himself throughout that conflict. He 
was killed at Point Isabel, in Texas, May 11th, 
1846'. He is buried in Greenmount cemetery, 
near Baltimore. * 

18. Colonel Wm. H. Watson distinguished 
himself at the battle of Monterey. He fell a 



Questions.— IG. How did she relieve lieiself o!' her difficulties? 

17. Wheat is said of the Mexican war? Of Blajor Ringgold? 

18. What is said of Col. Watson? 



Battles in Mexico. 233 

victim to his ardor. Struck by a cannon ball 
he sunk in the arms of Capt. Oden Bowie, 
one of, his comrades, now governor elect of 
this State, and expired. 

19. Lieut. Randolph Ridgeley, who distin- 
guished himself at the battle of Resaca de la 
Pal ma, and who had passed unscathed through 
so many scenes of blood, was instantly killed 
by being thrown from his horse. 

20. In the battles of the valley of Mexico, 
the Maryland company of Yoltigeurs was dis- 
tinguished in the storming of the Castle of 
Chapul tepee, where they were thrown in the 
advance. Capt. John Eager Howard, grand- 
son of the hero of Cowpens, was the first 
officer to cross the parapet, and to leap down 
amidst the bayonets of the foe, slaying seve- 
ral of the enemy with his own hand. Capt. 
Archer and Lieut. Swan were also distin- 
guished for their courage. 

21. Thus stood Maryland in 1848. Its 
credit established ; its property redoubled ; 
its internal improvements hastening to com- 
pletion ; its metropolis growing with a ra- 
pidity almost beyond precedent ; its com- 



Questions.—19. What is said of Lieut. Ridgeley? 20. What is 
said of the Maryhmd company in the battles of the valley of 
Mexico? Of Howard? 21. What is said of Maryland in 1848? 

20* 



234 History of Maryland. 

merce, agriculture and manufactures flourish- 
ing and improving, and its people proud of 
its past history, were welcoming home those 
gallant sons who had so sustained her repu- 
tation with the brave old Maryland Bayonet. 



CHAPTER XXY. 

Ee-sukvey of Masox and Dixon's Line — Nev) Con- 
fiiitution — Completion of Baltimore (nid Ohio Rail Road 
— Its Communication ivith Europe — Soidhern Boiairlary 
Line of tJic State — Commission appointed to Retrace the 
Line.. 

1. Very little of interest transpired after 
the Mexican war, until the civil war of 1861. 
In 1849, a revision was made of the boundary 
line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. — 
The re-survey was made by commissioners 
appointed by the States of Maryland, Dela- 
ware and Pennsylvania. So accurate was the 
work of Mason and Dixon, that the change 
involved by the corrections amounted to less 
than two acres, which were added to the area 
of Maryland. 

2. In 1851, a State Convention was ap- 
pointed to form a new constitution. By this 



Questions.— 1. What is said of there-survey of Mason and Dixon's 
line? 2. State some of the changes made by the Constitution of 
1851? 



New Constitution. 285 

constitution lotteries were made illegal ; im- 
prisonment for debt was abolished; the judi- 
ciary was made elective ; and, the fees of the 
officers were not allowed to exceed three 
thousand dollars; all in excess of this amount 
was to be paid into the State treasury. Other 
changes were made, but they were not of a 
permanent character. 

3. On the first day of January, 1853, the 
Baltimore and Ohio Kail Eoad was finished 
to the Ohio Kiver. It had been promised, 
two years before, that it should be completed 
on that day, and true to the time appointed, 
the first passenger train from Baltimore ar- 
rived at the bank of Wheeling Creek. 

4. Thomas Swann, Esq , the present gov- 
ernor of the State, was president of the road 
at that time. It was to his boldness, elo- 
quence and confidence, sustained by the skill, 
experience, energy and caution of the chief 
engineer, Benjamin H. Latrobe, Esq., that this 
work was carried through its difficulties to a 
successful completion — a work whose impor- 
tance to Maryland, and particularly to Balti- 
more, can never be over-estimated. 



Questions.— 3. When was the Baltimore and Ohio Kail Road com- 
pleted? What had been promised two years before? 4. Who was 
president of the road at that time? To what was the completion 
of tiie road due ? 



236 History of Maryland. 

5. Upon its completion, Mr. Swann re- 
signed. The presidency of this corporation, 
which exercises so controlling an influence 
over the whole business of Maryland, and 
even of neighboring States, has fallen into 
able and trustworthy hands. Such judicious 
connections have been made with western 
roads, that the distance between the seaboard 
and the great west, finds its shortest line 
along the Baltimore and Ohio Kail Eoad, 
which is, therefore, destined to form a part 
of the great highway between the two Oceans. 

6. Availing themselves of this fact, the com- 
pany have made direct communication with 
Europe, by means of two lines of steamers, 
one to Liverpool and the other to Bremen. 
By the exercise of energy and tact, Baltimore 
is, in this way, the only American owner of 
Trans- Atlantic steamers, and that, too, with- 
out the aid of government subsidy. 

7. The southern boundary line of this State 
was described in the charter as "a right line 
drawn from the promontory, or head-land, 
called Watkins' Point unto the main Ocean 



Questions.— o. When did Mr. Swann resign ? Who is the present 
president? What connections have been made? 6. What is said 
of communication with Europe? 7. How was the southern boun- 
dary of the state described in the charter? 



Southern Boundary. 237 

on the East." In 1661, a dispute arose as to 
the precise location of Watkins' Point. 

8. This dispute was settled by articles of 
agreement between Philip Galvert, commis- 
sioner for Maryland, and Edmund Scarbrugh, 
commissioner for Virginia, in the year 1668. 
(See page 81.) By this agreement, Watkins* 
Point was defined to be the luhole body of land 
between the north side of the Pocomoke bay 
and the south side of Annamessex bay, now 
Big Annamessex river. 

9. The commissioners ran what was in- 
tended to be an east line, from "the extremest 
part of the westernmost angle of the said 
Watkins' Point." 

10. All of the existing maps of Mary- 
land and Virginia being incorrect, the points 
named did not conform with the provisions 
of the charter; and, the time and manner of 
the early settlement of the boundary line 
being almost forgotten, the old question of 
the locality of Watkins' Point was revived. 
In 1858, Thomas J. Lee, Esq., was appointed 
commissioner for Maryland, in conjunction 



Questions.— 7. When did a dispute arise? 8. How was the dis- 
pute settled? 9. What was the line intended to be? 10. What is 
said of the maps of Maryland? Of the settlement of the dispute? 
When was a commission appointed to retrace the line? Wlio Was 
appointed for Maryland? 



238 History of Maryland. 

with a commissioner from Yirginia, " to re- 
trace and mark the boundary between Smith's 
Point, at the mouth of the Potomac, and the 
Atlantic." 

11. The commissioners, in retracing the 
line from AVatkins' Point, discovered that it 
did not run east. By the agreement in 1668, 
it was intended to be an east line, or a parallel 
of latitude; arid such a line would add about 
twenty-three square miles to Maryland. But 
as the error in the line was probably due to 
not taking into the account the variation of 
the compass, and as its direction was fixed 
by marks, the commissioners simply renewed 
such landmarks as were either lost or de* 
stroyed, and did not look to any change in 
the present limits of the State. 



Questiom.~U. What did the commissioner discover? What is 
the probable cause of this error ? Did they propose anj^ change 



Secession. 239 



CHAPTER XXYI. 

CiiARACiER OF THE Period — Secessiofi of Eleven States — 
Riot in Baltimore — Injury to Troops, and Retaliation — 
Passage of Troops Prevented — Occupation of Baltimore 
— General Butler. 

1. The period upon which we are about to 
enter is one of great gloom. It was charac- 
terized by that civil war, from the effects of 
which the whole country is still suffering. 

2. In 1860 and 1861, eleven of the South- 
ern States, believing and declaring the com- 
pact of the Constitution to be violated, and 
their rights, both personal and political, to 
be in danger, asserted the right avowed and 
maintained by Massachusetts in 1811, that 
withdrawal from the Union was "the privi- 
lege of all, and might be the duty of some," 
and seceded. 

3. The Federal Government, sustained by 
the Northern States, resisted this act with all 
its power. Massachusetts, which had been 
the first to proclaim the doctrine of secession, 
was among the first to send troops to crush 
her own offspring. 



Questions. — 1, What is said of the period upon which we are 
about to enter? 2. How many of the States seceded? Why did 
they secede? 3. What is said of the Federal Government? What 
of Massachusetts? 



240 History op Maryland. 

4. On the IStli of April, 1861, Fort Sum- 
ter, at Charleston, S. C, surrendered to the 
Southern forces, and on the 19th following, 
the Massachusetts troops, in passing through 
the city of Baltimore, were attacked by a 
mob. 

5. The police force of the city, in anticipa- 
tion of violence, had assembled to protect, by 
the arm of the civil law, the troops in their 
passage. The mayor of the city and the mar- 
shal of the police were indefatigable in their 
efforts to preserve the peace, which was ac- 
knowledged by some of the officers of the 
regiment. 

6. Some of the troops, however, having 
been injured by missiles hurled from the 
crowd, lost all restraint of discipline, and fired 
among the people ; several citizens, innocent 
and distant spectators, were killed. 

7. One of the mob thereupon seized a mus- 
ket from one of the troops and fired. Fire 
arms were then freely used, and some of the 
soldiery were killed. It was insisted by the 
police authorities that they had both the dis- 
position and power to control the riot, had 



Questions. — 4. State what is said in this section? 5. What is 
said of the police of the city? G. What happened to some of the 
troops, and what did they do? 7. What followed? What is said 
of police? 



Baltimore Surrounded. 241 

the military restrained their fire. Blood, 
however, having been spilt on both sides, the 
bitterest feelings arose. 

8. Great excitement prevailed for several 
days. On Sunday, April 21st, upon learn- 
ing that more troops were on the way to the 
south, many of the citizens prepared them- 
selves to resist their passage. The bridges 
on all the roads leading to the city having 
been destroyed, the troops found it impossi- 
ble to cross. Those who had come from 
Pennsylvania, by means of the Northern Cen- 
tral Eail Road, returned to their State, but 
those who were on the Philadelphia road 
were taken in transports to Annapolis. From 
Annapolis they marched to the Washington 
Rail Road and were thence transported in 
cars to the capital. 

9. By this manoeuvre, Baltimore was sur- 
rounded, and from this time was under the 
control of the militarj^ General B. F. Butler, 
having taken military possession of the coun- 
try in the neighborhood of the Relay House, 
on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, built 
batteries and established forts, as a prelimi- 

Questions.—S. What happeued on Sunday, 21st April? How did 
the troops reach Washington? 9, What is saidof this manoeuvre? 
What of General Butler? 

21 



242 History of Maryland. 

nary caution, and then secretly, by night, 
on May the 13th, marched fifteen hundred 
troops into the city, and posted them on Fede- 
ral Hill. The batteries were turned upon 
the city, as were also those of Fort McHenry. 
There were rumors, from time to time, of 
threats to destroy the city. 

10. While in the neighborhood of the Ee- 
lay House, one of the soldiers in Butler's 
command, through imprudence in diet, was 
attacked with cholera-morbus. Such was the 
excitement of feeling that it was pronounced 
a case of poisoning, and the General imme- 
diately issued an order, — not to caution his 
men against unripe fruit, but — to intimate to 
the inhabitants of the neighboring villages 
and hamlets, that he had it in his power to 
poison them all. 



Questions.— 9. What of the batteries? 10. What happened while 
the troops were encamped near the Relay House? 



Arrest of Members of Legislature. 243 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

Depaktment Commanders — General Banks — Provost 
Marshals — Arrest of Legislature — Anecdote — Espion- 
age — Generat D'lx — General Wool —General Schenck — 
Fish — General Wallace. 

1. General N. P. Banks, having been ap- 
pointed commander of the Department of 
Annapolis, with his head-quarters at Balti- 
more, occupied the Exchange, Monument, 
Square, and other public places with troops 
and loaded cannon. He also deposed the 
mayor and police commissioners, and ap- 
pointed provost-marshals. 

2. By his orders, General McClellan, in 
September, arrested the members of the legis- 
lature, which had removed its place of meet- 
ing from Annapolis to Frederick, after the 
former place was occupied by the Federal 
forces. 

3. It is supposed that these members were 
arrested upon suspicion of entertaining the 
sentiments so boldly uttered by the delegates 
from Massachusetts, in Congress, in 1811, and 
the soil of Massachusetts was made their pri- 



-1. What did General Banks do? 2. What, General 
McClellan? 3. Upon what grounds is it supposed this arrest was 
made? 



244 History of Maryland. 

son. No charge was ever made against these 
men ; they were confined for fourteen months, 
and when discharged were as ignorant as on 
the day of their arrest, on what account they 
had been deprived of their liberty. 

4. An incident of this captivity is worth 
preserving. On one Sunday, a New England 
clergyman expressed a desire to preach to the 
prisoners. Upon its being made known to 
them, one of the gentlemen, of Baltimore, a 
venerable and venerated citizen, now holding 
a high judicial position, proposed to accept of 
his services, if he would preach from a text 
of their selection. The text chosen was one 
that had occurred that morning, in this gen- 
tleman's daily reading of the Scripture — Acts 
XXV, 27. "It seemeth to me unreasonable to 
send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the 
crimes laid against him." There was no ser- 
mon that morning in the fortress. 

5. Under the provost-marshals, a system of 
espionage and surveillance was established. 
It was unsafe for men, or women, or children, 
to express in any way sentiments adverse to 
the views of these military chieftains. 



t^uestions. — L What anecdote is related? 5. What system \yas 
adopted under the Provost-Marshals? 



Generals Dix, Wool, and Schenck. 245 

6. General Dix, of New York, who subse- 
quently had command of the department, was 
very strenuous in his endeavors to break up 
all communication with the South. To prove 
his efficiency he instituted the system of mid- 
night arrests, and domiciliary visits. Not- 
withstanding this he found it a difficult mat- 
ter, as it ever will be, when mother will 
communicate with son, wife with husband, 
or brother with sister. 

7. Dix was succeeded by General Wool, 
an old army officer, who had rendered dis- 
tinguished services to his country in the 
Mexican war. His rule was generally ac- 
ceptable. It is usually found that men, who 
have been trained to govern, and are accus- 
tomed to rule, understand the art of so tem- 
pering authority with mildness, as to render 
them less intolerant and arbitrary than those 
" clothed with a little brief authority." 

8. General Wool's course was severely 
censured by the Northern press. He was 
removed, and succeeded by General Schenck, 
a volunteer from Ohio. The history of this 
administration has yet to be written. His 

Questions.— G. What did General Dix endeavor to do? What 
system did he introduce? 7. Who succeeded Dix? What is said 
of him? 8. How was Wool's course regarded in the north? By 
whom was he succeeded? 

21* 



246 History of Maryland. 

chief man of business was the notorious Fish. 
The outrages of this man, at last, became so 
rank, that he was convicted of felony, and 
sent to the Albany Penitentiary, in New 
York. In a few months, however, he was 
quietly pardoned and discharged. 

9. The administration of General Lew. 
Wallace was but a continuation of that of 
Schenck. 

10. In September of 1862, the Southern 
army entered Maryland. It was opposed by 
General McClellan, and a battle was fought 
at South mountain, north-west of Frederick 
on the 14th; on the 17th, the celebrated bat- 
tle of Antietam was fought. General Lee 
finding himself opposed by so powerful a 
force, concentrated under General McClellan, 
returned into Virginia. 

11. In 1868, however, Lee again returned 
to Marj^land. A terrible battle was fought 
at Gettysburg. The Southern troops were 
defeated, and again returned to Virginia. 

12. In June, 1864, a portion of the South- 
ern army crossed the Potomac. In a battle 



Questions— 8. Wh.at is said of Fish? 9. What, of Geiipral Lew. 
Wallace? 10. When did the Southern Army enter Marj'land? 
What battles were fought? 11. When, the Battle ot Gettj'sburg? 
12, When did Southern troops again enter Maryland ? Repeat 
what is said in this section ? 



Southern Troops in Maryland. 247 

near Frederick, the Federal troops were de- 
feated. The Southern troops divided; a por- 
tion of them went towards the city of Balti- 
more and burned the governor's residence, 
situated within jQve miles of that city. The 
other portion crossed the country to Belts- 
ville. The troops posted there, four hundred 
in number, precipitately retreated, without 
waiting to fire a shot. The Southern troops 
followed in about three hours, towards Wash- 
ington, coming within eight miles of that 
city. Finding that about forty thousand 
troops had been concentrated there, they 
crossed the country, and joined the main 
body under General Early. 

13. General Early took possession of Fred- 
erick, demanded and received two hundred 
thousand dollars as the ransom of the city. — 
General M'Causland received nearly one hun- 
dred thousand dollars as the ransom of Ha- 
gerstown. 

14. These troops committed no depreda- 
tions upon private property. The burning 
of the governor's house was in retaliation for 
the burnins: of Gov. Letcher's house in Yir- 
ginia by the Federal troops. 



Questions. — 13. What is said of General Early? Of McCausland ? 
14. What is said of the Southern troops ? 



248 History of Marylaxd. 



CHAPTEK XXYIII. 

Maryland without History — Convention for New 
State Constitution — Adoption of the New Constitution 
— Its Provisions — Disfranchisement — Sjibsequent Lib- 
eral Interpretation — Change in Legislature — Another 
New Constitution. 

1. It will be seen from the last chapter that 
during the civril war, Maryland had really no 
history. Her official acts were not the ex- 
pression of the people of the State, but were 
simply in accordance with the dictates of the 
military commander of the department. 

2. The polls were closed to all who would 
not submit to take an oath prescribed by 
these men, an oath unknown to the laws of 
the State, required and administered by 
aliens to her soil. In some instances when 
men declined to vote, after the oath was pre- 
sented them, they were arrested and impris- 
oned for their refusal. Among thes6, was a 
former governor of the State. 

3. Under this peculiar administration, a 
convention was held in 1864, for the forming 
of a new State Constitution. This convention 
was empowered to declare who should vote 



Questions. — 1. Repeat this section? 2. What is said of the 
polls? Of the oath? 3. What Convention was held ? 



Constitution of 1864. 249 

upon its adoption or rejection. A set of ques- 
tions, which were to be answered under oath, 
was prepared for the judges to ask each voter. 
The questions concerned not only the acts 
and words of the voter, but entered even into 
his very inmost and secret thoughts. 

4. Notwithstanding this inquisition, and 
the repugnance of men to subject themselves 
to a questioning so new, and so abhorrent to 
the feelings of freemen, the vote against the 
new constitution was so large that it was sup- 
posed that it had been rejected. But it was 
discovered that the returns of some of the 
soldiers, who were absent with the army, had 
not yet all been counted. When these were 
counted, it was found that the constitution 
had been adopted by a few hundred majority. 
5. By this constitution a State Board of Edu- 
cation, and the new office of lieutenant-gover- 
nor were created. Slavery of the f^egroes was 
abolished, and a reoristration of the whites was 
adopted. This registration had the effect of 
disfranchising by far the largest portion of 
the inhabitants. 



Questions.— 3. How were people prevented from voting ? 4. Wliat 
is said of the vote on the Constitution ? Wiiat of the army vote? 
5. What new offices were created? What was the effect of the 
registration? 



250 History of Maryland. 

6. After the conclusion of the war, prior 
to the election 'for delegates to the legisla- 
ture, the governor instructed the registers 
that the registry law was to be so inter- 
preted, that it should secure the citizen in 
his rights, and not deprive him of them, 
and that every one who presented himself, 
and would take the prescribed oath, should 
be registered without any further inquisi- 
tion, by way of questioning, excepting what 
is usual where fraud is suspected. The judges 
also were to regard the registration of the 
voter as an evidence of his legal right to 
vote. 

7. The result of this liberal interpretation 
of the law was that a very large number 
registered; and the election that followed 
made a complete change in the legislature. 

8. Among the first acts of this new body 
was that of calling a convention to form the 
present Constitution of the State, which was 
adopted by a majority of about fifty thousand 
votes, on the 18th of September, 1867. By 
this constitution the restrictions upon voting 
were still further removed ; the governor. 



Questions. — 6. What instruction did the governor give to the 
registers? 7. What wns the result of this liberal interpretation? 
8. What was among the first acts of the new legislature ? What Is 
said of the new Constitution ? 



Governor Bowie. 251 

Thomas Swann, was continued in office until 
January, 1869 ; the State Board of Education, 
and the office of lieutenant-governor, were 
abolished. 

9. At a subsequent election, Oden Bowie, 
Esq., whose name has been already men- 
tioned in connexion with the Mexican war, 
was elected governor. 

10. We have now completed the history 
of our beloved State and in it we find much 
to gratify our State pride, and increase our 
patriotism. It is this pride in her glory that 
has placed her sons among the most chivalric 
of the land, and it is in this pride, that is based 
our surest hope for the future. 

If twice in her history, she has bowed her 
head from her lofty position, it has been by 
no act of her own, but on both occasions' — 
the revolutions of 1664 and 1861— by the 
acts of aliens to her soil, or strangers to 
her principles, sustained by superior physi- 
cal force. 



Questions.— 0. Who was elected governor and when does he 
enter upon his office ? 



GOVEPvNOKS OF MARYLAND. 

1777 — Thomas Johnsox. 
1779 — Thomas Sim'Lek. 
17S2— William Paca. 
1785- William Small wood. 
1788 — John Eager Howard. 
1791 — Gkokgk Plater. 
1794— John H. Stone. 
1797 — JoHX Henry. 
1798— Benjamin Ogle. 
ISUl — John Francis Mercer. 
1803— Robert Bowie. 
1806 — Robert Wright. 
1809 — Edward Lloyd. 
1811 — Robert Bowie. 
1812 — Levin Winder. 
1815 — Charles Ridgeley, of Hampton. 
1818 — Charles Goldsborough. 
1819 — Samuel Sprigg. 
1822 — Samuel Stevens, Jr. 
1825 — Joseph Kent. 
1828— Daniel Martin. 
1829- Thomas King Carroll. 
1830 — Daniel Martin. 
1831— George Howard. 
1832— James Thomas. 
1835— Thomas W. Veazey. 
183S— William Grason. 
1841 — Francis Thomas. 
1844— Thomas G. Pratt. 
1847 — Philip Francis Thomas. 
1850— E. Louis Lowe. 
1854— T. Watkjns Ligon. 
1857 — T. Holliday Hicks. 
1861 — Augustus W. Bradford. 
1865 — Thomas Swann. 

1867 — Oden Bowie, elected to enter upon his 
office January, 1869, 

252 



A NEW SCHOOL-HISTORY OF MARYLAND. 

Jusf Published in a neat and attractive volume, embellished icith a fine 
likeness o/Gkorge Calvert, Fii'si Lord Baltimore. 

A History of Mm'yJanfl, upon the basis of Mc- 
Sherry's, for the Use of Schools. By Henry Okder- 
DONK, A. M., late Presideiit of the Morylond Agy-icid- 
ticral College. 18o., half arabesque, 75 cts. 

From the Preface. — " In preparing this abridgment of Me-Sberry"s 
History of Maryland, while strictly observing its spirit, I liave 
not confined mj'self entirelj' to the text of that excellent work ; 
whenever I have thought a fact could be more clearly elucidated, 
or the narrative made more interesting tp the young, I have 
drawn freely from Bozman, from McMahon, from Bancroft, Irving, 
I>avis, and other authentic sources. 

The Proprietary government, under which Maryland was estab- 
lished and grew up, is known to her people almo.st only by its 
name, Y'et it is in that government that we find the germs of 
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the legacy of a good name. That our youth should know how- 
rich the History of Maryland is in all that can inspire noble 
emulation, i.s not only desirable in itself, but is the surest pledge 
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In the hope that this little book may be instrumental in pro- 
moting this knowledge among the rising generation of our State, 
it is submitted to the public." 



Murphy & Co., PuhUshers and Boohsellers, Baltimore. 



Upwanls of 50,000 Copies of tlie Old EJition, have been Soli 

The FIRST CLASS BOOK of HISTORY, 

Designed for pupils commencinoj the Study of History; 
with Questions, adapted to the use of Aeadernica and 
Schools, by M. J. Kerney, A. 31., Author of Compen- 
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}neti,c, c^-c, ^'c, S)-c. 1'2d Revised Edition. Enlarged by 
the Addition of Lessons in Ancient History, . . 50 

Eighteen, years of an interrupted success has established tlio 
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Teachers having frequently expressed regret that the author 
had confined himself to Modern Times, instead of embracing in 
his ph^n the outlines of Ancient History, as he has done so .--ue- 
• •essfiilly in his larger work, the "Compendium of Ancient and 
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which would leave nothmg to desire. They have contided this 
task to a gentleman of experience, who has added to Mr. Ker- 
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No pains have been spared in the revision and preparation of 
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by Mr. Kerney's Class Books. 

Heoomnienclations, JVotices, Sec. 

Messrs. J. Murphy & Co., Baltimore, May 28, 1868. 

Gentlemen: — I have carefully examined your new edition of 
the First Class Book of History, and 1 beg to express to you the 
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As a practical evidenae of my appreciation of the merits of this 
book, permit me to assure you of my determination to adopt it in 
my own school. HENRY ONDERDONK. 

From the Port Tobacco Times. 

To tlie Scliool Commissioiiers. 

Gentlemen: — Permit me to direct your attention to a small work, 
just such as should be in all our schools. It is clear, comprehensive, 
'impartial, and metes out even handed justice alike to each section 
and every portion of our country. I do not propose to describe 
tlie work; yoi; have too much discretion to endorse any work 
without first examining it. But it may not be inappropriate in 
me or in any one, who feels a deep solicitude in the training of 
our children, to call attention to such works as are proper to lie 
put in our Public Schools. The work I refer to, is The First Claf:^^ 
Book of Histori/. designed for pupils comitienoing the study of 
history, by M.'j. Kerney, A. M., and published by John Murphy 

Murphy & Co., Publishers and Booksellers, Baltimore. 



Recommendations, Notices, d'c. — Continued. 

S: Co., Baltimore. Those whoise prerogative it is to control the 
literature of our Public Schools, sustain a most responsible posi- 
tion; their influence will extend to generations yet to come upon 
the stage of action. This little work— little in bulk, in material 
ilimensions, but vast in its range and comprehensive in detail, is 
of just such a character as ought to be adopted in all schools, 
both public and private, and that through the entire length ami 
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partiality—will exclude it from some sections of our great coun- 
try ; and I apprehend also that to you tliis very trait of honest, 
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what is history without truth but a fable, and what is distorted 
history but a lie ? We all have had to lament the introductiovi of 
such historical works without the power of redressing the wrong, 
as to say the least were partial, unjust, uneven, distorted, and 
often malignant. E. REED, 

Gleeb, Trinity Parish, Charles Co., Md. 

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"We have given the work some attention, and find it well writ- 
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Murphy & Co., Publishers and Booksellers, Baltimore. 



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Ktrney'H First Class Book of History. 22d edition, enlarged bv ^T* 

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Kei/ to do 40 

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Lingard's History of England, abridged by Burke. "With 

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McSherry's School- History of Maryland, from lG;i4 to 1848 1 -jr, 

Onderdonk's History of Maryland, iov Seho^ls Tfy 

Catechism of Scripture History, revised by M. J. Kerney, A.M. 7'. 

Catechism of Ecclesiastical History {>.[> 

Murray's English Grammar — complete 4n 

English Reader — 180 / 3r> 

Ruddiman's Latin Grammar, (the Cheapest & Best published,) 73 
Ars Rhehrica — Auctore, R. P. Martixo du Cygne, Soc. Jesu 
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SestinVs Elements of Algebra 7'' 

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A B C und Buckstabir und Lesebuch 15 

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Katholischer Katechismus 30 

Kleinei Katechismus ;j 

Fibelfur die lieben Kleinen, gebraucht in den Schulen der deutschen 

Schulschwestern unserer lieben Fran ., 10 

Lescbuchlein fur die lieben Kleinen, gebraucht in den Schulen der 

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In Press. — An Abridged History of the Church, for Schools. 
GiUesjiie's l*rogressive Systetn of PeiiniaiiHh i p, in G Numbers, 
with Steel Plate Copies at Head of each Page. $1 50 net per doz. 
This New and Complete system, desigi) • lead the pupils from the first 
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